To assess the impact of distraction on subsequent eating, 60 females consumed a cereal bar while watching TV, walking or talking, and their subsequent desire to eat and food intake were assessed. No effects were found for desire to eat. But while those higher in restrained eating consumed less overall and fewer calories after watching TV or talking, they consumed more overall and more calories (specifically five times more chocolate) if the cereal bar was eaten while walking. ‘Eating on the go’ may disinhibit restrained eaters either as a form of distraction or by offering a justification to overeat.
BellRPlinerPL (2003) Time to eat: The relationship between the number of people eating and meal duration in three lunch settings. Appetite41: 215–218.
2.
BellisleFDalixA (2001) Cognitive restraint can be offset by distraction, leading to increased meal intake in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition74: 197–200.
3.
BellisleFDalixAAirineiG. (2009) Influence of dietary restraint and environmental factors on meal size in normal-weight women. A laboratory study. Appetite53(3): 309–313.
4.
BellisleFDalixAMSlamaG (2004) Non food-related environmental stimuli induce increased meal intake in healthy women: Comparison of television viewing versus listening to a recorded story in laboratory settings. Appetite43(2): 175–180.
5.
BellissimoNPencharzPBThomasSG. (2007) Effect of television viewing at mealtime on food intake after a glucose preload in boys. Pediatric Research61(6): 745–749.
6.
BlassEAndersonDKirkorianH. (2006) On the road to obesity: Television viewing increases intake of high density foods. Physiology of Behavior88: 597–604.
7.
BlundellJE (1979) Hunger, appetite and satiety – Psychological constructs in search of identities. In: TurnerM (ed.) Nutrition and Lifestyles. London: Applied Scientific Publishers, pp. 21–42.
8.
BlundellJEBurleyVJ (1987) Satiation, satiety and the action of fibre on food intake. International Journal of Obesity 11(Suppl. 1): 9–25.
9.
BoonBStroebeWSchutH. (2002) Ironic processes in the eating behaviour of restrained eaters. British Journal of Health Psychology7: 1–10.
10.
BrindalEWilsonCMohrP. (2015) Eating in groups: Do multiple social influences affect intake in a fast-food restaurant?Journal of Health Psychology20: 483–489.
11.
BrunstromJMMitchellGL (2006) Effects of distraction on the development of satiety. British Journal of Nutrition96: 761–769.
12.
ChangACCLinYC (2015) Physical activity and food consumption: The moderating role of individual dieting tendency. Journal of Health Psychology20: 490–499.
13.
De CastroJM (1991) Social facilitation of the spontaneous meal size of humans occurs on both weekdays and weekends. Physiology & Behaviour49(6): 1289–1291.
14.
De CastroJM (1994) Family and friends produce greater social facilitation of food intake than other companions. Physiology and Behavior56: 445–455.
15.
De CastroJM (2004a) Genes, the environment and the control of food intake. British Journal of Nutrition92(1): 59–62.
16.
De CastroJM (2004b) The time of day of food intake influences overall intake in humans. Journal of Nutrition134: 104–107.
17.
De CastroJMPlunkettS (2002) A general model of intake regulation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews6: 581–595.
18.
De CastroJMBellisleFFeunekesG. (1997) Culture and meal patterns: A comparison of the food intake of free-living Americans, Dutch, and French students. Nutrition Research17: 807–829.
19.
De CastroJMBrewerEElmoreD. (1990) Social facilitation of the spontaneous meal size of humans occurs regardless of time, place alcohol or snacks. Appetite15: 89–101.
20.
FeunekesGIJde GraafCvan StaverenWA (1995) Social facilitation of food is mediated by meal duration. Physiology & Behaviour58(3): 551–558.
21.
FisherJORollsBJBirchLL (2003) Children’s bite size and intake of an entree are greater with large portions than with age- appropriate or self-selected portions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition77(5): 1164–1170.
22.
FleigLKuperCLippkeS. (2015) Cross-behavior associations and multiple health behavior change: A longitudinal study on physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. Journal of Health Psychology20: 525–534.
23.
FrancisLBirchL (2006) Does eating during television viewing affect preschool children’s intake?American Journal of Dietary Associations106: 598–600.
24.
HagobianTAYamashiroMHinkel-LipskerJ. (2013) Effects of acute exercise on appetite hormones and ad libitum energy intake in men and women. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism38(1): 66–72.
25.
HajnaSLeblancPJFaughtBE. (2014) Associations between family eating behaviours and body composition measures in peri-adolescents: Results from a community-based study of school-aged children. Canadian Journal of Public Health105(1): e15–e21.
26.
HermanCPMackD (1975) Restrained and unrestrained eating. Journal of Personality43: 646–660.
27.
HermanCPFitzgeraldNEPolivyJ (2003) The influence on social normas on hunger ratings and eating. Appetite41: 15–20.
28.
HermanPPolivyJ (2005) Normative influences on food intake. Physiology and Behaviour86: 762–772.
29.
HetheringtonMAndersonANortonM. (2006) Situational effects on meal intake: A comparison of eating alone and eating with others. Physiology & Behavior88: 498–505.
30.
HiggsS (2002) Memory for recent eating and its influence on subsequent food intake. Appetite39(2): 159–166.
31.
HiggsS (2005) Memory and its role in appetite regulation. Appetite85(1): 67–72.
32.
HiggsS (2008) Cognitive influences on food intake: The effects of manipulating memory for recent eating. Physiology & Behavior94(5): 734–739.
33.
HiggsSWoodwardM (2009) Television watching during lunch increases afternoon snack intake of young women. Appetite52(1): 39–43.
34.
HiggsSWilliamsonACRotsheinP. (2008) Sensory – Specific satiety is intact in amnesics who eat multiple meals. Psychological Science19(7): 623–628.
35.
KirkleyBGBurgeJCAmmermanMPH (1988) Dietary restraint, binge eating and dietary behaviour patterns. International Journal of Eating Disorders7: 771–778.
36.
LaessleRGTuschlRJKotthausBC. (1989) Behavioural and biological correlates of dietary restraint in normal life. Appetite12: 83–94.
37.
LongSMeyeCLeungN. (2011) Effects of distraction and focused attention on actual and perceived food intake in females with non-clinical eating psychopathology. Appetite56: 350–356.
38.
MartinCCoulonSMarkwardN. (2009) Association between energy intake and viewing television, distractibility, and memory for advertisements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition89: 37–44.
39.
MartinsCKulsengBKingNA. (2010) The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetite-related peptides and motivation to eat. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism9: 1609–1616.
40.
MorayJFuABrillK. (2007) Viewing television while eating impairs the ability to accurately estimate total amount of food consumed. Bariatric Nursing and Surgical Patient Care2: 71–76.
41.
OgdenJ (2010) The Psychology of Eating: From Healthy to Disordered Behaviour (2nd edn). West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
42.
OgdenJ (2014) The Good Parenting Food Guide: Managing What Children Eat without Making Food a Problem. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
43.
OgdenJGrevilleL (1993) Cognitive changes to preloading in restrained and unrestrained eaters as measured by the Stroop task. International Journal of Eating Disorders14: 185–196.
44.
OgdenJWardleJ (1990) Cognitive restraint and sensitivity to cues for hunger and satiety. Physiology and Behaviour47: 477–481.
45.
OgdenJCoopNCousinsC. (2013) Distraction, the desire to eat and food intake: Towards an expanded model of mindless eating. Appetite62: 119–126.
46.
Oldham-CooperREHardmanCANicollCE. (2011) Playing a computer game during lunch affects fullness, memory for lunch, and later snack intake. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition93(2): 308–313.
47.
PatelKASchlundtDG (2001) Impact of moods and social context on eating behaviour. Appetite36: 111–118.
PolivyJHermanCP (1999) Distress and eating: Why do dieters overeat?International Journal of Eating Disorders26: 153–164.
50.
RobinsonEAveyardPDaleyA. (2013) Eating attentively: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of food intake memory and awareness on eating. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition97(4): 728–742.
51.
SalvySJJarrinDPaluchR. (2007) Effects of social influence on eating in couples, friends and strangers. Appetite49: 92–99.
52.
StroebeleNDe CastroJM (2006) Listening to music while eating is related to increases in people’s food intake and meal duration. Appetite47: 285–289.
53.
SyskoRWalshTBWilsonGT (2007) Expectancies, dietary restraint, and test meal intake among undergraduate women. Appetite49: 30–37.
54.
TaylorAOliverA (2009) Acute effects of brisk walking on urges to eat chocolate, affect and responses to stressor and chocolate cue: An experimental study. Appetite52(1): 150–160.
55.
TempleJLGiacomelliAMKentKM. (2007) Television watching increases motivated responding for food and energy intake in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition85(2): 355–361.
56.
TuomistoTTuomistoMTHetheringtonM. (1998) Reasons for initiation and cessation of eating in obese men and women and the affective consequences of eating in everyday situations. Appetite30: 211–222.
57.
Van StrienTFrijtersJBergersG. (1986) The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders5: 747–755.
58.
WansinkB (2004) Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers. Annual Review of Nutrition24: 455–479.
59.
WansinkBPainterJELeeYK (2006) The office candy dish: Proximity’s influence on estimated and actual consumption. International Journal of Obesity30: 871–875.
60.
WardAMannT (2000) Don’t mind if I do: Disinhibited eating under cognitive load. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology78(4): 753–763.
