The objective of this study was to analyse emotional distress and concerns related to body image in 712 normal-weight and overweight adolescent girls. A total of 12.3 per cent of the normal-weight girls and 25 per cent of the overweight girls showed extreme weight-control behaviours. In normal-weight adolescents, their engagement in extreme weight-control behaviours was associated with high levels of somatic symptoms, a drive for thinness and control over eating. In overweight girls, high levels of drive for thinness and anxiety were associated with extreme weight-control behaviours. Finally, the implications for preventive and therapeutic programmes are discussed.
Al SabbahHVereeckenCAbdeenZ. (2010) Weight control behaviors among overweight, normal weight and underweight adolescents in Palestine: Findings from the National Study of Palestinian Schoolchildren (HBSC-WBG2004). International Journal of Eating Disorders43(4): 326–336. DOI: 10.1002/eat.20698.
2.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (4th edn). Text revision. Washington, DC: APA.
3.
BoutelleKNeumark-SztainerDStoryM. (2002) Weight control behaviors among obese, overweight, and nonoverweight adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology27(6): 531–540. DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/27.6.531.
4.
BraetCBeyersWGoossensL. (2012) Subtyping children and adolescents who are overweight based on eating pathology and psychopathology. European Eating Disorders Review20(4): 279–286. DOI: 10.1002/erv.1151.
5.
CastonguayALBrunetJFergusonL. (2012) Weight-related actual and ideal self-states, discrepancies, and shame, guilt, and pride: Examining associations within the process model of self-conscious emotions. Body Image8(4): 488–494. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.07.003.
6.
CebollaABañosRMBotellaC. (2011) Perfil psicopatológico de niños con sobrepeso u obesidad en tratamiento de pérdida de peso. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica16(2): 125–134.
7.
ColeTJBellezziMCFlegalKM. (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity: International survey. British Medical Journal320(7244): 1240–1243. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240.
8.
ColeTJFlegalKMNichollsD. (2007) Body mass index cutoffs to define thinness in children and adolescents: International survey. British Medical Journal335(7612): 194.
9.
CooperMBurrowsA (2001) Underlying assumptions and core beliefs related to eating disorders in the mothers of overweight girls. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy29(2): 143–149. DOI: 10.1017/S1352465801002028.
10.
CooperMCohen-TovéeEToddG. (1997) The eating disorder belief questionnaire: Preliminary development. Behaviour Research and Therapy35(4): 381–388. DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00115-5.
11.
CorralSGonzálezMPereñaJ. (1998) EDI-2: Inventario de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Madrid: TEA.
12.
CromleyTNeumark-SztainerDStoryM. (2010) Parent and family associations with weight-related behaviors and cognitions among overweight adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health47(3): 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.009.
13.
Cruz-SáezSPascualASalaberriaK. (2013) Risky eating behaviors and beliefs among adolescent girls. Journal of Health Psychology. Epub ahead of print 20September. DOI: 10.1177/1359105313500683.
14.
CummingG (2012) Understanding the New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Meta-Analysis. New York: Routledge.
15.
FairburnCG (2008) Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
16.
FairburnCGCooperZCooperP (1986) The clinical features and maintenance of bulimia nervosa. In: BrownellKDForeytJP (eds) Handbook of Eating Disorders: Physiology, Psychology and Treatment of Obesity, Anorexia and Bulimia. New York: Basic Books, pp. 389–404.
17.
FairburnCGCooperZShafranR (2003) Cognitive behavior therapy for eating disorders: A ‘transdiagnostic’ theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy41: 509–528.
GarnerDMBemisKM (1982) A cognitive-behavioural approach to anorexia nervosa. Cognitive Therapy and Research6(2): 123–150. DOI: 10.1007/BF01183887.
20.
GoldbergDPHillierVF (1979) A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine9(1): 139–145. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291700021644.
21.
GoossensLBraetCVan VlierbergheL. (2009) Loss of control over eating in overweight youngsters: The role of anxiety, depression and emotional eating. European Eating Disorders Review17(1): 68–78. DOI: 10.1002/erv.892.
22.
GriloCMShiffmanS (1994) Longitudinal investigation of the abstinence violation effect in binge eaters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology62(3): 611–619. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.611.
23.
HatataHAwaadMEl SheikhM. (2009) Body image dissatisfaction and its relationships with psychiatric symptomatology, eating beliefs and self-esteem in Egyptian female adolescents. Current Psychiatry16(1): 35–45.
24.
HuhDSticeEShawH. (2012) Female overweight and obesity in adolescence: Developmental trends and ethnic differences in prevalence, incidence and remission. Journal of Health Adolescence41(1): 76–85. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-011-9664-4.
25.
LampardAMTascaGABalfourL. (2012) An evaluation of the transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural model of eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review21(2): 99–107. DOI: 10.1002/erv.2214.
26.
LoboAPerez-EchevarriaMJArtalJ (1986) Validity of the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in a Spanish population. Psychological Medicine16(1): 135–140. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291700002579.
27.
MaorNRSayagSDahanR. (2006) Eating attitudes among adolescents. Israel Medical Association Journal8(9): 627–629.
28.
MaskLBlanchardCM (2011) The protective role of general self-determination against ‘thin ideal’ media exposure on women’s body image and eating-related concerns. Journal of Health Psychology16(3): 489–499.
29.
MellinAENeumark-SztainerDStoryM. (2002) Unhealthy behaviors and psychosocial difficulties among overweight adolescents: The potential impact of familiar factors. Journal of Adolescent Health31(2): 145–153.
30.
Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality (2013) Encuesta Nacional de Salud (2011–2012). Available at: www.ine.es/prensa/prensa.htm
Neumark-SztainerDR (2005) ‘I’m Like, So Fat!’ Helping Your Teen Make Healthy Choices about Eating and Exercise in a Weight-Obsessed World. New York: Guilford Press.
33.
Neumark-SztainerDRStoryMTHannanPJ. (2002) Weight-related concerns and behaviors among overweight and non overweight adolescents: Implications for preventing weight-related disorders. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine156(2): 171–178.
34.
Neumark-SztainerDRWallMMEisenbergME. (2006) Overweight status weight control behaviors in adolescents: Longitudinal and secular trends from 1999 to 2004. Preventive Medicine43(1): 52–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.03.014.
35.
Neumark-SztainerDRWallMMHainesJI. (2007) Shared risk and protective factors for overweight and disordered eating in adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine33(5): 359–369.
36.
Neumark-SztainerDRWallMMPerryCL. (2003) Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents: Findings from project EAT. Preventive Medicine37(3): 198–208.
37.
Neumark-SztainerDRWallMMStoryMT. (2012) Dieting and unhealthy weight control behaviors during adolescence: Associations with 10 year changes in body mass index. Journal of Adolescent Health50(1): 80–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.05.010.
38.
OgdenCLCarrollMDCurtinLR. (2006) Prevalence of overweigh and obesity in the United States 1999–2004. Journal of the American Medical Association295(13): 1549–1555. DOI: 10.1001/jama.295.13.1549.
39.
OlaizGRiveraJShamahT. (2006) Encuesta nacional de salud y nutrición. Cuernavaca, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.
40.
PascualAEtxebarriaICruzMS. (2011) Las variables emocionales como factores de riesgo de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology11(2): 229–247.
41.
PresnellKSticeESeidelA. (2009) Depression and eating pathology: Prospective reciprocal relations in adolescents. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy16(4): 357–365. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.630.
42.
RichardsonLPGarrisonMMDrangsholtM. (2006) Associations between depressive symptoms and obesity during puberty. General Hospital Psychiatry28(4): 313–320. DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.03.007.
43.
Sánchez-CarracedoDNeumark-SztainerDLópez-GuimeraG (2012) Integrated prevention of obesity and eating disorder: Barriers, developments and opportunities. Public Health Nutrition15(12): 2295–2309. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012000705.
44.
Serra-MajemLAranceta BartrinaJPerez-RodrigoC. (2006) Prevalence and determinants of obesity in Spanish children and young people. British Journal of Nutrition96: S67–S72. DOI: 10.1079/BJN20061703.
45.
ShisslakCMCragoM (2001) Risk and protective factors in the development of eating disorders. In: ThompsonJKSmolakL (eds) Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Young: Assessment, Prevention and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 103–126.
46.
SticeEPresnellKShawH. (2005) Psychological and behavioral risk factors for obesity onset in adolescent girls: A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology73(2): 195–202. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.195.
47.
SticeEShawHMartiCN (2006) A meta-analytic review of obesity prevention programs for children and adolescents: The skinny on intervention that work. Psychological Bulletin132(5): 667–691. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.667.
48.
Striegel-MooreRHBulikCM (2007) Risk factors for eating disorders. American Psychologist62(3): 181–198. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.181.
49.
TamCKNgCFYuCM. (2007) Disordered eating attitudes and behaviours among adolescents in Hong Kong: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health43(12): 811–817. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01195.x.
50.
Tanofsky-KraffMYanovskiSZWilfleyDE. (2004) Eating disordered behaviors, body fat, and psychopathology in overweight and normal weight children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychiatry72(1): 53–61. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.53.
51.
UnikelCSMartínVJuarezF. (2012) Disordered eating behavior and body weight and shape relatives’ criticism in overweight and obese 15 to 19 year old females. Journal of Health Psychology18(1): 75–85.
52.
Vander WallJS (2011) Unhealthy weight control behaviors among adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology17(5): 110–120. DOI: 10.1177/1359105311409787.
53.
VilaGZipperEDabbasM. (2004) Mental disorders in obese children and adolescents. Psychosomatic Medicine66(3): 387–394. DOI: 10.1097/00006842-200405000-00018.
54.
VingilisERWadeTJSeeleyJS (2002) Predictors of adolescent self-rated health. Analysis of the National Population Health Survey. Canadian Journal Public Health93(3): 193–197.
55.
WadeTDBerginJLHonsBA. (2006) A transdiagnostic approach to understating eating disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease194(7): 510–517.
