A qualitative study was conducted within a randomised trial of facilitated physical activity for depression based on Self-Determination Theory and motivational interviewing. Interviews were held with 19 participants at 4 months, and 12 participants were re-interviewed 8 months later. The interviews were analysed in accordance with Grounded Theory using framework. Themes consisted of the following: relationship with the physical activity facilitators, mode of facilitation, impact of contact with physical activity facilitator/assimilation and future plans, change in activity, and effectiveness of physical activity facilitator techniques. Engagement in physical activity was enhanced within an autonomy-supportive environment.
BallKBurtonNWBrownWJ (2009) A prospective study of overweight, physical activity, and depressive symptoms in young women. Obesity17(1): 66–71.
2.
BanduraA (1989) Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist44: 1175–1184.
3.
ChalderMWilesNJCampbellJ. (2012a) Facilitated physical activity as a treatment for depressed adults: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ344: e2758.
4.
ChalderMWilesNJCampbellJ. (2012b) A pragmatic randomised controlled trial to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a physical activity intervention as a treatment for depression: The treating depression with physical activity (TREAD) trial. Health Technology Assessment16(10): 1–164.
5.
DeciEL (1975) Intrinsic Motivation. New York: Plenum.
6.
DeciELRyanRM (1985) Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour. New York: Plenum.
7.
DemyttenaereK (2003) Risk factors and predictors of compliance in depression. European Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology13(Suppl. 3): 69–75.
8.
DonaghyMTaylorAH (2010) Current controversies: Should practitioners promote physical activity as a treatment for depression?Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh40: 132–135.
9.
DonoghueMTyleeA (1996) The treatment of depression: Prescribing patterns in primary care in the UK. British Journal of Psychiatry168: 164–168.
10.
EdmundsJNtoumanisNLudaJL (2008) Testing a self-determination theory-based teaching style intervention in the exercise domain. European Journal of Social Psychology38: 375–388.
11.
FaulknerGBiddleS (2004) Exercise and depression: Considering variability and contextuality. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology26: 3–18.
12.
FournierJCDeRubeisRJHollonSD. (2010) Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: A patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA303(1): 47–53.
13.
Frederick-RecascinoCM (2002) Self-determination theory and participation motivation research in the sport and exercise domain. In DeciELRyanMR (eds) Handbook of Self-Determination Research. New York: University of Rochester Press, pp. 277–296.
14.
HaaseATaylorAFoxKR. (2010) Rationale and development of the physical activity counselling intervention for a pragmatic trial of exercise and depression in the U.K. Mental Health and Physical Activity3: 85–91.
15.
KirschIDeaconBJHuedo-MedinaTB. (2008) Initial severity and anti-depressant benefits: A meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PloS Medicine5: e45.
16.
LawlorDAHopkerSW (2001) The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ322: 763–767.
17.
McHughJELawlorBA (2011) Exercise and social support are associated with psychological distress outcomes in a population of community dwelling older adults. Journal of Health Psychology17(6): 833–844.
MichieSAbrahamCWhittingtonC. (2009) Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta-regression. Health Psychology28(6): 690–701.
20.
MillerWRRollnickS (2002) Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change (2nd edn). New York: Guildford Press.
21.
National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2009) Depression in adults (update) (CG90). The treatment and management of depression in adults. NICE clinical guideline 90. Available at: nice.org.uk/cg90 (accessed October 2009).
22.
PaveyTGTaylorAHFoxKR. (2011) Effect of exercise referral schemes in primary care on physical activity and improving health outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ343: d6462.
23.
PickettKYardleyLKendrickT (2012) Physical activity and depression: A multiple mediation analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activity5(2): 125–134.
24.
PidgeonNHenwoodK (1998) Using grounded theory in psychological research. In: HayesN (ed.) Doing Qualitative Analysis in Psychology. Hove: Psychology Press, pp. 245–274.
25.
PriorLWoodFLewisG, et al. (2003) Stigma revisited, disclosure of emotional problems in primary care. Social Science & Medicine56(10): 2191–2200. Available at: http://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/prescriptions
26.
RimerJDwanKLawlorDA. (2012) Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database System Review7: CD004366.
27.
RitchieJLewisJ (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Scientists and Researchers. London: SAGE.
28.
RyanRPatrickHDeciE. (2008) Facilitating health behaviour change and its maintenance: Interventions based on self-determination theory. European Health Psychologist10: 2–5.
29.
RyanRMDeciEL (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psych. Jan55(1): 68–78.
30.
SearleACalnanMLewisG. (2011) Patients’ views of physical activity for the treatment of depression in primary care: A qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice. DOI: 10.3399/bjgp11x567054.
31.
SearleACalnanMTurnerKM. (2012) General practitioners’ beliefs about physical activity for managing depression in primary care. Mental Health and Physical Activity5: 13–19.
32.
SeimeRJVickersKS (2006) The challenges of treating depression with exercise: From evidence to practice. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice13: 194–197.
33.
SilvaMNMarklandDMindericoC. (2008) A randomized controlled trial to evaluate self-determination theory for exercise adherence and weight control: Rationale and intervention description. BMC Public Health8: 234.
34.
SmithCMHaleLAMulliganHF. (2013) Participant perceptions of a novel physiotherapy approach (“Blue Prescription”) for increasing levels of physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study following intervention. Disability and Rehabilitation35(14): 1174–1181.
35.
SturgesJEHanrahanKJ (2004) Comparing telephone and face to face qualitative interviewing: A research note. Qualitative Research4: 107–118.
36.
TanKLYadavH (2013) Depression among the urban poor in peninsular Malaysia: A community based cross-sectional study. Journal of Health Psychology18(1): 121–127.
37.
TeychenneMBallKSalmonJ (2008) Physical activity and likelihood of depression in adults: A review. Preventive Medicine46: 397–411.
38.
VansteenkisteMSheldonKM (2006) There’s nothing more practical than a good theory: Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology45: 63–82.
39.
WhiteKT (2008) Why does physical activity alleviate depression? Identifying potential mediators and understanding the process of change (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Southampton, UK: University of Southampton.
