Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2007-09
Evidence That Theory of Planned Behaviour Variables Mediate the Effects of Socio-demographic Variables on Homeless People's Participation in Service Programmes
This article reports findings from two studies (N = 88, N = 100) using Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict homeless people's uptake of service programmes. Study 1 was conducted with an opportunity sample whereas Study 2 employed a representative sample. Both studies provide support for the application of the TPB, and demonstrate that the effects of demographic characteristics on behaviour were mediated by TPB variables. The discussion focuses on the role of attitudinal and normative components in actual behaviour, and on the potential role of social normative processes and stigmatization in homeless people's uptake of services.
Abrams, D., Ando, K., & Hinkle, S. (1998). Psychological attachment to the group: Cross cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers' turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 1027—1039.
2.
Abrams, D., Hinkle, S.W., & Tomlins, M. (1999). Leaving Hong Kong: The roles of attitude, subjective norm, perceived control, social identity and relative deprivation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 319—338.
3.
Abrams, D., & Hogg, M.A. (1990). Social identification, self-categorisation and social influence. European Review of Social Psychology, 1, 195—228.
4.
Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (Eds.). (1999). Social identity and social cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
5.
Abrams, D., & Hogg, M.A. (2001). Collective self. In M. A. Hogg and S. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology, vol 3: Group processes (pp. 425—461). Oxford: Blackwell.
6.
Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
7.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Special Issue: Theories of cognitive self-regulation. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179—211.
8.
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T.J. (1986). Predicting goal directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 453—474.
9.
Anderson, I. (1994). Access to housing for low income single people: A review of recent research and current policy issues. University of York, England: The Centre for Housing Policy.
10.
Anderson, I., Kemp, P., & Quilgars, D. (1993). Single homeless people. London : HMSO.
11.
Armitage, C.J. (2005). Can the theory of planned behavior predict the maintenance of physical activity?Health Psychology, 24, 235—245.
12.
Armitage, C.J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology , 40, 471—499.
13.
Armitage, C.J., Norman, P., & Conner, M. (2002). Can the theory of planned behaviour mediate the effects of age, gender and multidimensional health locus of control?British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 299—316.
14.
Bierman, A.S. & Dunn, J.R. (2006). Swimming upstream: Access, health outcomes, and the social determinants of health. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 99—100.
15.
Bines, W. (1994). The health of single homeless people: Housing research finding no. 128. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
16.
Burrows, R. (1997). The social distribution of the experience of homelessness . In R. Burrows, N. Pleace, & D. Quilgars (Eds.), Homelessness and social policy (pp. 50—68). London: Routledge.
17.
Burt, M., & Cohen, B. (1989). Differences among homeless single women, women with children and single men. Social Problems, 36, 508—524.
18.
Canton, C.L.M., Dominquez, B., Schanzer, B., Hasin, D.S., Shrout, P.E., Felix, A. et al. (2005). Risk factors for long-term homelessness: Findings from a longitudinal study of first time homeless single adults. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 1753—1759.
19.
Capozza, D., & Brown, R. J. (Eds.). (2000). Social identity processes . London: SAGE Publications.
20.
Christian, J., & Abrams, D. (2003). The effects of social identification, norms and attitudes on the use of outreach services by homeless people. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 13, 138—157.
21.
Christian, J., & Abrams, D. (2004). A tale of two cities: Predicting homeless people's uptake of outreach programs in London and New York. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26, 169—182.
22.
Christian, J., & Armitage, C.J. (2002). Attitudes and intentions of homeless persons towards service provision in South Wales. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 219—231.
23.
Colson, P.W. (1990). Service utilization and the homeless. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, IL.
24.
Conner, M., & Armitage, C.J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behaviour: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1429—1464.
25.
Elliott, M.A., Armitage, C.J., & Baughan, C.J. (2007). Using the theory of planned behaviour to predict observed driving behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology , 46, 69—90.
26.
Fitzpatrick, S. (2000). Young homeless people. London : Macmillan.
27.
Fitzpatrick, S., & Christian, J. (2006). Comparing homelessness research in the US and Britain. European Journal of Housing Policy, 6, 313—333.
28.
Fitzpatrick, S., Kemp, P., & Klinker, S. (2000). Single homelessness: An overview of research in Britain. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation .
29.
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behaviour: A review of its applications to health-related behaviours. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 87—98.
30.
Kallgren, C.A., Reno, R.R., & Cialdini, R.B. (2000). A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1002—1012.
31.
Kozimore-King, M.L. (2005 ). You have to believe: The effects of locus of control and self-efficacy on welfare use and long-term outcomes. Unpublished Dissertation.
32.
O'Callaghan, B., Dominian, L., Evans, A., Dix, J., Smith, R., Williams, P., & Zimmeck, M. (1996). Study of homeless applicants. London: DETR Publications.
33.
Pinel, E.C. (1999). Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotype. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76, 114—128.
34.
Rosengard, C., Chambers, D.B., Tulsky, J.P., Long, H.L., & Chesney, M. (2006). Value on health, health concerns and practices of women who are homeless. Women & Health, 334, 29—44.
35.
Rossi, P., Wright, J., Fisher, G., & Willis, G. (1987). The urban homeless: Estimating size and composition . Science, 235, 1336—1341.
36.
Sedikides, C., & Brewer, M. B. (Eds.). (2001). Individual self, relational self, collective self. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
37.
Shaw, M., Dorling, D., & Brimblecombe, N. (1998). Explaining geographical inequalities in health. Health Variations,2, 8—9.
38.
Sheeran, P., Trafimow, D., & Armitage, C.J. (2003). Predicting behaviour from perceived behavioural control: Tests of the accuracy assumption of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology , 42, 393—410.
39.
Shelter Campaign for Single Homeless People. ( 2006). Fact sheet. London: Shelter Campaign for Single Homeless People.
40.
Social Trends. (2005). London: HMSO.
41.
Sosin, M. (1992). Homelessness and vulnerable meal program users: A comparison study. Social Problems, 39, 170—188.
42.
Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (Eds.). (2000). Attitudes behavior and social context: The role of norms and group membership. Applied Social Research . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
43.
Terry, D.J., Hogg, M.A., & White, K.M. (1999). The theory of planned behaviours: Self-identity, social identity, and group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 225—244.
44.
Toro, P.A., & Wall, D.D. (1991). Research on homeless persons: Diagnostic comparisons and practice implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 479—488.
45.
Toro, P.A., & Warren, M.G. (1999). Homelessness in the United States: Policy considerations . Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 119—136.
46.
Toro, P.A., Wolfe, S.M., Bellavia, C.W., Thomas, D.M., Rowland, L.L., Daeschler, C.V., & McCaskill, P.A. (1999). Obtaining representative samples of homeless persons: A two-city study. Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 157—177.
47.
Turner, J.C. (1991). Social influence. Milton Keynes : Open University Press.
48.
Webb, T.L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin,132, 249—268.
49.
Wilcox, S. (2003). Housing finance review. York : Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
