Participants consisted of 184 patients (160 males, 24 females) with positive angiograms or prior myocardial infarctions who displayed at least 1 mm of ST segment depression on a standardized treadmill test. Mean scores on the Reward Dependence subscale of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire were higher in patients displaying ischemia during mental stress. Patients who reported higher levels of irritability/anger in response to the Speech stressor were also more likely to display ischemia. However, this result was primarily a result of the females in the sample whose ratings of interest and irritability were associated with ischemia during the Speech task. Psychometric measures previously found in prospective studies to predict acute cardiac events were unrelated to mental stress-induced ischemia in the laboratory.
Bairey, C. N., Yang, L. D., Berman, D. S., & Rozanski, A. (1990). Comparison of physiologic ejection fraction responses to activities of daily living: Implications for clinical testing. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 16(4), 847–854.
2.
Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B. (1989). The Cook-Medley hostility scale: Item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(1), 46–57.
3.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelsohn, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
4.
Becker, L. C., Pepine, C. J., Bonsall, R., Cohen, J. D., Goldberg, A. D., Coghlan, C., Stone, P. H., Forman, S., Knatterud, G., Sheps, D., & Kaufmann, P. B. for the PIMI Investigators. (1996). Left ventricular, peripheral vascular and neurohormonal responses to mental stress in normal middle aged men and women: Reference group for the psychophysiological investigations of myocardial ischemia (PIMI) study. Circulation, 94, 2768–2777.
5.
Blumenthal, J. A., Jiang, W., Waugh, R. A., Frid, D. J., Morris, J. J., Coleman, R. E., Hanson, M., Babyak, M., Thyrum, E. T., Krantz, D. S., & O’Connor, C. (1995). Mental stress induced ischemia in the laboratory and ambulatory ischemia during daily life: Association and hemodynamic features. Circulation, 92, 2102–2108.
6.
Boltwood, M. D., Taylor, C. B., Burke, M. B., Grogin, H., & Giacomini, J. (1993). Anger report predicts coronary artery vasomotor response to mental stress in atherosclerotic segments.American Journal of Cardiology, 72, 1361–1365.
7.
Brackett, C. D., & Powell, L. H. (1988). Psychosocial and physiological predictors of sudden cardiac death after healing of acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology, 61, 979–983.
8.
Burg, M. M., Jain, D., Soufer, R., Kerns, R. D., & Zaret, B. L. (1993). Role of behavioral and psychological factors in mental stress induced silent left ventricular dysfunction in coronary artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 22(2), 440–448.
9.
Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., Eisen, S. A., Rich, M. W., & Jaffe, A. S. (1995). Major depression and medication adherence in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Health Psychology, 14(1), 88–90.
10.
Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573–588.
11.
Cook, W. W., & Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and pharasaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38(6), 414–418.
12.
Deanfield, J. E., Shea, M., Kensett, M., Horlock, P., Wilson, R. A., DeLandesheere, C. M., & Selwyn, A. P. (1984). Silent myocardial ischemia due to mental stress. Lancet, 2 (8410), 1001–1005.
13.
Dembroski, T. M., MacDougall, J. M., Costa, P. T., & Grandits, G. S. (1989). Components of hostility as predictors of sudden death and myocardial infarction in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51, 514–522.
14.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.
15.
Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F. & Talajic, M. (1995a). The impact of negative emotions on prognosis following myocardial infarction: Is it more than depression?Health Psychology, 14(5), 388–398.
16.
Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., & Talajic, M. (1995b). Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 91(4), 999–1005.
17.
Freedland, K. E., Carney, R. M., Krone, R. J., Smith, L. J., Rich, M. W., Eisenkramer, G., & Fischer, K. C. (1991). Psychological factors in silent myocardial ischemia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 13–24.
18.
Friedman, M., Thoreson, C. E., Gill, J. J., Powell, L. H., Ulmer, D., Thompson, L., Price, V. A., Rabin, D. D., Breall, W. S., Dixon, T., Levy, R., & Bourg, E. (1986). Alteration of type A behavior and its effect on cardiac recurrences in post-myocardial infarction patients. Summary results of the recurrent coronary prevention project. American Heart Journal, 112, 653–665.
19.
Friedman, M., Powell, L. H., Thoreson, C. E., Ulmer, D., Price, V., Gill, J. J., Thompson, L., Rabin, D. D., Brown, B., Breall, W. S., Levy, R., & Bourg, E. (1987). Effect of discontinuance of type A behavioral counseling on type A behavior and cardiac recurrence rate on post-myocardial infarction patients. American Heart Journal, 114, 483–489.
20.
Giubbini, R., Galli, M., Campini, R., Bosimini, E., Bencivelli, W., & Tavazzi, L. (1991). Effects of mental stress on myocardial perfusion in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation, 83 (Suppl. II), 100–107.
21.
Goldberg, A. D., Becker, L. C., Bonsall, R., Cohen, J., Ketterer, M. W., Krantz, D., Light, K. C., McMahon, R. P., Noreuil, T., Pepine, C. J., Raczynski, J., Stone, P. H., Strother, D., Taylor, H., & Sheps, D. S. for the PIMI Investigators. (1996). Ischemic, hemodynamic and neurohormone responses to mental and exercise stress: Results from the psychophysiological investigations of myocardial ischemia (PIMI) study. Circulation, 94, 2402–2409.
22.
Greene, W. A., Goldstein, S., & Moss, A. J. (1972). Psychosocial aspects of sudden death. Archives of Internal Medicine, 129, 725–731.
23.
Haines, A. P., Imeson, J. D., & Meade, T. W. (1987). Phobic anxiety and ischemic heart disease. British Medical Journal, 295, 297–299.
24.
Helmers, K. F., Krantz, D. S., Merz, C. N. B., Klein, J., Kop, W. J., Gottdiener, J. S., & Rozanski, A. (1995). Defensive hostility: Relationship to multiple markers of cardiac ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Health Psychology, 14(3), 202–209.
25.
Ironson, G., Taylor, C. B., & Boltwood, M. (1992). Effects of anger on left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 70(3), 281–285.
26.
Jain, D., Burg, M., Soufer, R., & Zaret, B. L. (1995). Prognostic implications of mental stress induced silent left ventricular dysfunction in patients with stable angina pectoris. American Journal of Cardiology, 76, 31–35.
27.
Jiang, W., Babyak, M., Krantz, D. S., Waugh, R. A., Coleman, R. E., Hanson, M. M., Frid, D. J., McNulty, S., Morris, J. J., O’Connor, C. M., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1996). Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(21), 1651–1656.
28.
Kaufmann, P. G., McMahon, R. P., Becker, L. C., Bertolet, B., Bonsall, R., Chaitman, B., Cohen, J. D., Forman, S., Goldberg, A. D., Freedland, K., Ketterer, M. W., Krantz, D. S., Pepine, C. J., Raczynsky, J., Stone, P., Taylor, H., Knatterud, G. L., & Sheps, D. S. for the PIMI Investigators. (1998). The psychophysiological investigations of myocardial ischemia (PIMI) study: Objectives, methods and variability of measures. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(1), 56–63.
29.
Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovanucci, E., Stampfer, M. J., & Willet, W. C. (1994a). Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation, 89, 1992–1997.
30.
Kawachi, I., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P. S., & Weiss, S. T. (1994b). Symptoms of anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease: The normative aging study. Circulation, 90, 2225–2229.
31.
Kawachi, I., Sparrow, D., Spiro, A., Vokonas, P., & Weiss, S. T. (1996). A prospective study of anger and coronary heart disease: The normative aging study. Circulation, 94, 2090–2095.
32.
Ketterer, M. W. (1992). Denial specific to Friedman's pathogenic emotions in Jenkins activity type A and angiographically-referred males. Psychosomatics, 33(1), 72–80.
33.
Ketterer, M. W. (1993). Secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease: The case for aggressive behavioral monitoring and intervention. Psychosomatics, 34(6), 478–484.
34.
Ketterer, M. W., Lovallo, W. R., & Lumley, M. A. (1993). Quantifying the density of Friedman's pathogenic emotions (AIAI). International Journal of Psychosomatics, 40(1–4), 22–28.
35.
Ketterer, M. W., & Maercklein, G. H. (1992). The association of Friedman's pathogenic emotions (AIAI) with current smoking, but not smoking history, in males suspected of coronary artery disease. Stress Medicine, 8, 99–103.
36.
Ketterer, M. W., Huffman, J., Lumley, M. A., Wassef, S., Gray, L., Kenyon, L., Kraft, P., Brymer, J., Rhoads, K., Lovallo, W. R., & Goldberg, A. D. (1998). Five year followup for adverse outcomes in males with at least minimally positive angiograms: Importance of ‘denial’ in assessing psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 44(2), 241–250.
37.
Krantz, D. S., Gabbay, F. H., Hedges, S. M., Leach, S. G., Gottdiener, J. S., & Rozanski, A. (1993). Mental and physical triggers of silent myocardial ischemia: Ambulatory studies using self-monitoring diary methodology. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 15(1), 33–40.
38.
Mandler, G., Mandler, J., & Uviller, E. (1958). Autonomic feedback: The perception of autonomic activity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56, 367–373.
39.
Pearson, T. A. (1984). Coronary arteriography in the study of coronary artery disease. Epidemiological Reviews, 6, 140–166.
40.
Rozanski, A., Bairey, C. N., Krantz, D. S., Friedman, J., Resser, K. J., Morell, M., Hilton-Chalfen, S., Hestrin, L., Bietendorf, J., & Berman, D. S. (1988). Mental stress and the induction of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 1005–1012.
41.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists’ Press.
42.
Spielberger, C. D., Johnson, E. H., Russell, S. F., Crane, R. J., Jacobs, G. A., & Worden, T. J. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. In M. A. Chesney & R. H. Rosenman (Eds.), Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders (pp. 5–30). New York: Hemisphere/McGraw-Hill.
43.
Tamesis, B., Stelken, A., Byers, S., Shaw, L., Younis, L., Miller, D. D., & Chaitman, B. R. (1993).Comparison of the asymptomatic cardiac ischemia pilot and modified asymptomatic cardiac pilot versus Bruce and Cornell exercise protocols. American Journal of Cardiology, 72, 715–720.
44.
Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., Ryan, D. P., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Validation of the alexithymia construct: A measurement based approach. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 290–297.
45.
Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., Ryan, D. P., Parker, J. D. A., Doody, K. F., & Keefe, P. (1988). Criterion validity of the Toronto alexithymia scale. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 500–509.
