This study analyzed the impact of dissimilarities in illness perceptions between parents and adolescents, school support, and family functioning on quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A total of 100 adolescents diagnosed with T1D for at least 1 year and a primary caregiver participated in the study (N=200). Adolescents answered the Diabetes Quality of Life and the School Support Questionnaire, and parents answered the general functioning subscale of the Family Assessment Device. Both answered the Brief-Illness Perception Questionnaire, regarding the adolescents’ diabetes. The interception effect of dissimilarities regarding identity and concerns perceptions toward diabetes, between parents and adolescents, and school support in the relationship between family functioning and quality of life was significant and explained 27% and 32% of the variance, respectively. The results showed a negative relationship between family functioning and quality of life when school support was low and dissimilarities in identity and concerns perceptions were high. Therefore, to increase quality of life of adolescents with T1D, intervention programs should include family, teachers, school staff, and peers to improve their knowledge of diabetes and support to adolescents.
AlmeidaA. C.LeandroE.PereiraM. G. (in press). Psychometric properties of the Portuguese Adaptation of the General Functioning of the Family Assessment Device: A comparative study.
2.
AlmeidaA. C.PereiraM. G.LeandroE. (2015). The role of family functioning on metabolic control and QoL in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In NunesK. (Ed.), Major topics in type 1 diabetes (pp. 137–148). London: IntechOpen.
3.
AlmeidaJ. P.PereiraM. G. (2008). Questionário de Avaliação da Qualidade de Vida para adolescentes com Diabetes tipo 1: estudo de validação do DQOL. Análise Psicológica, 2(26), 295–307.
4.
AndersonB. J. (2003). Diabetes self-care: Lessons from research on the family and broader contexts. Current Diabetes Reports, 3(2), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-003-0037-6
5.
BearmanK. J.La GreccaA. M. (2002). Assessing friend support of adolescents’ diabetes care: The diabetes social support questionnaire-friends version. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(5), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/27.5.417
BroadbentE.WilkesC.KoschwanezH.WeinmanJ.NortonS.PetrieK. J. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. Psychology & Health, 30(11), 1361–1385. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1070851
8.
ButlerD. A.LawlorM. T. (2004). It takes a village: Helping families live with diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum, 17(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.17.1.26
9.
ButnerJ.BergC.OsbornP.ButlerJ. M.FortenberryK. T.BarachI.. . . WiebeD. J. (2009). Parent-adolescent discrepancies in adolescents’ competence and the balance of adolescent autonomy and adolescent and parent well-being in the context of type 1 diabetes. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 835–849. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015363
10.
DavidsonM.PenneyE. A.MullerB.GreyM. (2004). Stressors and self-care challenges faced by adolescents living with type 1 diabetes. Applied Nursing Research, 17(2), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2004.02.006
11.
DawsonJ. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, when, why and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9308–7
12.
DonaghueK. C.MarcovechioM. L.WadwaR. P.ChewE. Y.WongT. Y.CalliariL. E.. . . CraigM. E. (2018). ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes, 19, 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12742
13.
DukeD.GeffkenG. R.LewinA. B.WilliamsL. B.StorchE. A.SilversteinJ. H. (2008). Glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: Family predictors and mediators. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(7), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsn012
14.
EdgarK. A.SkinnerT. C. (2003). Illness representations and coping as predictors of emotional well-being in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28(7), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsg039
15.
FigueirasM. J.MarcelinoD. S.ClaudinoA.CortesM. A.MarocoJ.WeinmanJ. (2009). Patients’ illness schemata of hypertension: The role of beliefs for the choice of treatment. Psychology & Health, 25(4), 507–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440802578961
16.
FogelN. R.Weissberg-BenchellJ. (2010). Preventing poor psychological and health outcomes in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports, 10(6), 436–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-010-0145-z
17.
GastonA. M.CottrellD. J.FullenT. (2011). An examination of how adolescent–caregiver dyad illness representations relate to adolescents’ reported diabetes self-management. Child: Care, Health and Development, 38(4), 513–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01269.x
18.
GreccoP.PendleyJ. S.McDonellK.ReevesG. (2001). A peer group intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their best friends. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26(8), 485–490. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1093/jpepsy/26.8.485
GuoJ.WhittemoreR.HeG.-P. (2011). The relationship between diabetes self-management and metabolic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: An integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(11), 2294–2310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05697.x
21.
HayesA. F.PreacherK. J. (2013). Conditional process modeling. Using structural equation modeling to examine contingent causal processes. In HancockG. R.MuellerR. O. (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (pp. 219–266). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.
22.
HeijmansM.De RidderD.BensingJ. (1999). Dissimilarity in patients’ and spouses’ representations of chronic illness: Exploration of relations to patient adaptation. Psychology and Health, 14(3), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449908407340
23.
IngersollG. M.MarreroD. G. (1991). A modified quality-of-life measure for youths: Psychometric properties. Diabetes Educator, 17(2), 114–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/014572179101700219
24.
JaserS. S.GreyM. (2010). A pilot study of observed parenting and adjustment in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their mothers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(7), 738–747. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp098
25.
LawG. U. (2002). Dissimilarity in adolescent and maternal representations of type 1 diabetes: Exploration of relations to adolescent well-being. Child: Care, Health & Development, 28(5), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2002.00286.x
26.
LawG. U.KellyT. P.HueyD.SummerbellC. (2002). Self-management and well-being in adolescents with diabetes mellitus: Do illness representations play a regulatory role?Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(4), 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00397-X
27.
LehmkuhlH.NaborsL. (2008). Children with diabetes: Satisfaction with school support, illness perceptions and HbA1C levels. Journal of Developmental & Physical Disabilities, 20, 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-007-9082-4
28.
LeventhalH.BrisetteI.LeventhalE. A. (2003). The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness. In CameronL. D.LeventhalH. (Eds.), The self-regulation of health & illness behavior (pp. 42–60). Routledge.
MillerI. W.RyanC. E.KeitnerG. I.BishopD. S.EpsteinN. B. (2000). The MacMaster approach to families: Theory, assessment, treatment and research. The Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 168–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00145
31.
MillerV. A.DrotarD. (2003). Discrepancies between mother and adolescent perceptions of diabetes-related decision-making autonomy and their relationship to diabetes-related conflict and adherence to treatment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28(4), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsg014
32.
MooreS. M.HackworthN. J.HamiltonV. E.NorthamE.CameronF. (2013). Adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Parental perceptions of child health and family functioning and their relationship to adolescent metabolic control. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11, Article 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-50
33.
NaborsL.TroillettA.NashT.MasiulisB. (2005). School nurse perceptions of barriers and supports for children with diabetes. Journal of School Health, 75(4), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.tb06655.x
34.
OlsenB.BergC. A.WiebeD. J. (2008). Dissimilarity in mother and adolescent illness representations of type 1 diabetes and negative emotional adjustment. Psychology and Health, 23(1), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440701437343
35.
PansierB.SchulzP. J. (2015). School-based diabetes interventions and their outcomes: A systematic literature review. Journal of Public Health Research, 4(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2015.467
36.
PereiraM. G.AlmeidaA. C. (2009). School support towards diabetes [Research version]. University of Minho.
37.
Portuguese Society of Diabetology. (2016). Annual report of the National Diabetes Observatory. Diabetes: Factos E Números—o Ano De 2015 [Facts And Numbers-The Year of 2015].
38.
RewersM. J.PillayK.de BeaufortC.CraigM. E.HanasR.AceriniC. L.MaahsD. M. (2014). Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 15(Suppl. 20), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12190
39.
RyanC. E.EpsteinN. B.KeitnerG. I.MillerI. W.BishopD. S. (2005). Evaluating and treating families: The McMaster approach. Taylor & Francis.
40.
SkinnerT. C.HampsonS. E. (2001). Personal models of diabetes in relation to self-care, well-being, and glycemic control. Diabetes Care, 24(5), 828–833. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.5.828
41.
SkinnerT. C.JohnM.HampsonS. (2000). Social support and personal models of diabetes as predictors of self-care and well-being: A longitudinal study of adolescents with diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(4), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/25.4.257
42.
WagnerJ.HeapyA.JamesA.AbbottG. (2006). Brief report: Glycemic control, QoL, and school experiences among students with diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(8), 764–769. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsj082
43.
WagnerJ.JamesA. (2006). A pilot study of school counselor’s preparedness to serve students with diabetes: Relationship to self-reported diabetes training. Journal of School Health, 76(7), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00130.x
44.
WysockiT.GrecoP. (2006). Social support and diabetes management in childhood and adolescence: Influence of parents and friends. Current Diabetes Reports, 6(2), 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-006-0022-y
