RossR. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990's. Nature1989; 362: 801–809.
2.
LindnerVLappiD ABairdAMajackR AReidyM A. Role of basic fibroblast growth factor in vascular lesion formation. Circ Res1991; 68: 106–13.
3.
FerraraNHouckKJakemanLLeungD W. Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev1992; 13: 18–32.
4.
SengerD RVan De WaterLBrownL F. Vascular permeability factor (VPF, VEGF) in tumor biology. Cancer and Metastasis Rev1993; 12: 303–24.
5.
SengerD RConnollyD TVan De WaterLFederJDvorakH F. Purification and NH-terminal amino acid sequence of guinea pig tumor-secreted vascular permeability factor. Cancer Res1990; 50: 1774–78.
6.
SengerD RGalliS JDvorakA MPerruzziC AHarveyV SDvorakH F. Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science1983; 219: 983–85.
7.
LeungD WCachianesGKaungW JGoeddelD VFerraraN. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science1989; 246: 1306–309.
8.
ShweikiDItinANeufeldGGitay-GorenHKeshetE. Patterns of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors in mice suggest a role in hormonally regulated angiogenesis. J Clin Invest1993; 91: 2235–43.
9.
BreierGAlbrechtSSterrerSRisauW. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor during embryogenic angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation. Development1992; 114: 521–32.
10.
SengerD RPerruzziC AFederJDvorakH F. A highly conserved vascular permeability factor secreted by a human and rodent tumor cell lines. Cancer Res1986; 46: 5629–32.
11.
ConnollyD TOlanderJ VHeuvelmanD. Human vascular permeability factor. Isolation from U937 cells. J Biol Chem1989; 264: 20017–24.
12.
FerraraNHenzelW J. Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1989; 161: 851–58.
13.
GospodarowiczDAbrahamJ ASchillingJ. Isolation and characterization of a vascular endothelial cell mitogen produced by pituitary-derived folliculo stellate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1989; 86: 7311–15.
14.
PlouetJSchillingJGospodarowiczD. Isolation and characterization of a newly identified endothelial cell mitogen produced by AtT-20 cells. EMBO J1989; 8: 3801–806.
15.
TischerEMitchellRHartmanT. The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing. J Biol Chem1991; 266: 11947–54.
16.
HouckK AFerraraNWinerJCachianesGLiBLeungD W. The vascular endothelial growth factor family – identification of a fourth molecular species and characterization of alternative splicing of RNA. Mol Endocrinol1991; 5: 1806–14.
17.
Charnock-JonesS DSharkeyA MRajput-WilliamsJ. Identification and localization of alternatively spliced mRNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor in human uterus and estrogen regulation in endometrial carcinoma cell lines. Biol Reprod1993; 48: 1120–28.
18.
KeckP JHauserS DKriviG. Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science1989; 246: 1309–12.
19.
TischerEGospodarowiczDMitchellR. Vascular endothelial growth factor: A new member of the platelet-derived growth factor gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1989; 165: 1198–206.
20.
MaglioneDGuerrieroVVigliettoGDelli-BoviPPersicoM G. Isolation of a human placenta cDNA coding for a protein related to the vascular permeability factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1991; 88: 9267–71.
21.
WalterPBlobelG J. Translocation of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum. III. Signal receptor protein (SRP) causes signal sequence-dependent and site-specific arrest of chain elongation that is released by microsomal membranes. J Cell Biol1981; 91: 557.
22.
FerraraNLeungD WCachianesGWinerJHenzelW J. Purification and cloning of vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by folliculostellate cells. Methods Enzymol1991; 198: 391.
23.
PeretzDGitay-GorenHSafranMKimmelNGospodarowiczDNeufeldG. Glycosylation of vascular endothelial growth factor is not required for its mitogenic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1992; 182: 1340–47.
24.
HouckK ALeungD WRowlandA MWinerJFerraraN. Dual regulation of vascular endothelial growth bioavailability by genetic and proteolytic mechanisms. J Biol Chem1992; 267: 26031–37.
25.
VaismanNGospodarowiczDNeufeldG. Characterization of the receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem1990; 265: 19461–466.
YeoT-KSengerD RDvorakH FFreterLYeoK-T. Glycosylation is essential for efficient secretion but not for the permeability enhancing activity of vascular permeability factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1991; 179: 1568–75.
28.
Gitay-GorenHSokerSVlodavskyINeufeldG. The binding of vascular endothelial growth factor to its receptors is dependent on cell surface-associated heparin-like molecules. J Biol Chem1992; 267: 6093–98.
29.
FerraraNHouckKJakemanLLeungD W. Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev1992; 13: 18–32.
30.
KohnSNagyJ ADvorakH FDvorakA M. Pathways of macromolecular tracer transport across venules and small veins. Structural basis for the hyperpermeability of tumor blood vessels. Lab Invest1992; 67: 596–607.
31.
PaladeG E. The microvascular endothelium revisited. In: SimionescuNSimionescuM eds. Endothelial cell biology in health and disease. New York: Plenum Press, 1988: 3–22.
PloüetJSchillingJGospodarowiczD. Isolation and characterization of a newly identified endothelial cell mitogen produced by AtT-20 cells. EMBO J1989; 8: 3801.
34.
LevyA PTamargoRBremHNathansD. An endothelial cell growth factor from the mouse neuroblastoma cell line NB41. Growth Factors1989; 2: 9–19.
GrossJ LMoscatelliDRifkinD B. Increased capillary endothelial cell protease activity in response to angiogenic stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1983; 80: 2623.
37.
ZetterB. Migration of capillary endothelial cells is stimulated by tumour-derived factors. Nature1979; 285: 42.
38.
FolkmanJHaudenshildC CZetterB R. Long-term culture of capillary endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1979; 76: 5217.
39.
PhillipsH SHainsJLeungD WFerraraN. Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in rat corpus luteum. Endocrinology1990; 127: 965–68.
40.
RavindranathNLittle-IhrigLPhillipsH SFerraraNZeleznickE. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression in the primate ovary. Endocrinology1992; 131: 254–60.
41.
DvorakH FSioussatT MBrownL F. Distribution of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in tumors: Concentration in tumor blood vessels. J Exp Med1991; 174: 1275–78.
42.
BerkmanR AMerrilM JReinholdW C. Expression of the vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor gene in central nervous system neoplasms. J Clin Invest1993; 91: 153–59.
43.
ShweikiDItinASofferDKeshetE. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature1992; 359: 843–45.
44.
PlateK HBreierGWeichH ARisauW. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potent tumor angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature1992; 359: 845–8.
BrockT ADvorakH FSengerD R. Tumor-secreted vascular permeability factor increases cytosolic Ca2+ and von Willebrand factor release in human endothelial cells. Am J Pathol1991; 138: 213–21.
47.
UnemoriEFerraraNBauerE AAmentoE P. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces interstitial collagenase expression in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem (in press).
48.
PepperM SFerraraNOrciLMontesanoR. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1991; 181: 902.
49.
PekalaPMarlowMHeuvelmanDConnollyD. Regulation of hexose transport in aortic endothelial cells by vascular permeability factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not by insulin. J Biol Chem1990; 265: 18051–54.
50.
ClaussMGerlachMGerlachH. Vascular permeability factor: A tumor-derived polypeptide that induces endothelial cell and monocyte procoagulant activity and promotes monocyte migration. J Exp Med1990; 172: 1535–45.
51.
BautersCAsaharaTZheungL P. Recovery of disturbed endothelium-dependent flow in the collateral-perfused rabbit ischemic hind-limb after administration of vascular endothelial growth factor. Circulation1995; 91: 2802–809.
52.
ShibuyaMYamaguchiSYamaneA. Nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel human receptor type tyrosine kinase gene (t) closely related to the fms family. Oncogene1990; 5: 519–24.
53.
TermanB ICarrionM EKovacsERasmussenB AEddyR. L.ShowsT. B.Identification of a new endothelial cell growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Oncogene1991; 6: 1677–83.
54.
DevriesCEscobedoJ AUenoHHouckKFerraraNWilliamsL T. The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Science1992; 255: 989–91.
55.
MatthewsWJordanC TGavinMJenkinsN ACopelandN. O.LemischkaI. R.A receptor tyrosine kinase cDNA isolated from a population of enriched primitive hematopoietic cells and exhibiting close genetic linkage to c-kit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1991; 88: 9026–30.
56.
OelrichsR BReidH HBernardOZiemieckiAWilksA F. NYK/FLK-1 – a putative receptor protein tyrosine kinase isolated from E10 embryonic neuroepithelium is expressed in endothelial cells of the developing embryo. Oncogene1993; 8: 11–18.
57.
TermanB LDougher-VermazenMCarrionME. Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1992; 187: 1579–86.
58.
MilauerBWizigmann-VoosSMartinezRMollerN P HRisauW. Ullrich A. High affinity VEGF binding and developmental expression suggest flk-1 as a major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell1993; 72: 835–46.
59.
WilliamsBQuinn-BakerAGallacherB. Serum and platelet-derived growth factor-induced expression of vascular permeability factor mRNA by human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Clin Sci1995; 88: 141–47.
60.
WilliamsBQuinn-BakerAGallacherBLodwickD. Angiotensin II increases vascular permeability factor gene expression by human vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension1995; 25: 913–17.
61.
WilliamsBGallacherBPatelHOrmeC. The potential role of vasopressin as a modulator of endothelial function. In: SaitoTKurokawaKYoshidaS eds. Neurohypophysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995: 573–82.
62.
BrogiEWuTNamikiAIsnerJ M. Indirect angiogenic cytokines upregulate VEGF and bFGF gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas hypoxia upregulates VEGF expression only. Circulation1994; 90: 649–52.
63.
StavriG TZacharyI CBaskervilleP AMartinJ FErusalimskyJ D. Basic fibroblast growth factor upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells: Synergistic interaction with hypoxia. Circulation1995; 92: 11–14.
64.
ShweikiDItinASofferDKeshetE. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature1992; 359: 843–45.
65.
MukhopadhyayDTsiokasLZhouX-MFosterDBruggeJ SSukhatmeV P. Hypoxic induction of human vascular endothelial growth factor expression through c-Src activation. Nature1995; 375: 577–81.
66.
CohenR A. Dysfunction of vascular endothelium in diabetes mellitus. Circulation1993; 87(suppl V): V67–V76.
67.
TookeJ E. Microcirculation function in human diabetes: A physiological perspective. Diabetes1995; 44: 721–26.
68.
PostonLTaylorP D. Endothelium-mediated vascular function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Circ Res1995; 88: 245–55.
69.
AielloL PAveryR LArriggP G. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med1994; 331: 1480–87.
70.
Scott-BurdenTVanhoutteP M. The endothelium as a regulator of vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Circulation1993; 87(suppl V): 51–55.
71.
FishmanJ ARyanG BKamovskyM J. Endothelial regeneration in the rat carotid artery and the significance of endothelial denudation in the pathogenesis of myointimal thickening. Lab Invest1975; 32: 339–51.
72.
AsaharaTBautersCPastoreC. Local delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates reendothelialization and attenuates intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid artery. Circulation1995; 91: 2793–801.
73.
TakeshitaS.ZhengL PBrogiE. A single intraarterial bolus of vascular endothelial growth factor augments revascularization in a rabbit ischemic hind limb model. J Clin Invest1994; 93: 662–70.
74.
IsnerJ MWalshKSymesJ. Arterial gene therapy for therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation1995; 91: 2687–92.