Stroke Units: Their Role in Acute Stroke Management

Bonita R. Epidemiology of stroke. Lancet 1992; 339: 342–44.

Kings Fund Forum Consensus Conference Statement. Treatment of stroke. Br Med J 1988; 297: 126–28.

Peto R. Why do we need systematic overviews of randomised trials? Stat Med 1987; vmr-6: 233–40.

Kalra L. Dale P. Crome P. Improving stroke rehabilitation: A controlled study. Stroke 1993; 24: 1462–67.

Kalra L. Does age affect benefits of stroke unit rehabilitation? Stroke 1994; 25: 346–51.

Kaste M. Palomaki H. Sarna S. How should elderly stroke patients be treated: A randomised trial comparing departments of medicine and neurology in stroke care. Proceedings of the 2nd International Stroke Conference, Geneva, May 1993.

Ilmavirta M. Frey H. Erila T. Fogelholm R. Does treatment in a non-intensive care stroke unit improve the outcome of ischemic stroke? Det 7. Nordiska Motet om Cereborvasculara Sjukdomar, Jyvaskyla, Finland, August 1993.

Bonner C. D. Stroke units in community hospitals: A ‘how-to’ guide. Geriatrics 1973; 28: 166–70.

Garraway W. M. Stroke rehabilitation units: Concepts, evaluation, and unresolved issues. Stroke 1985; 16: 178–81.

Issacs B. Five years experience of stroke unit. Health Bull (Edinb) 1977; 35: 93–98.

Ebrahim S. Clinical epidemiology of stroke. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Medical Publications), 1990.

Feigensen J S Gitlow H S Greenberg S. D. The disability orientated rehabilitation unit – a major factor influencing stroke outcome. Stroke 1979; 10: 5–8.

World Health Organization. The international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. Geneva: WHO, 1980.

Hamrin E. Early activation after stroke: Does it make a difference? Scand J Rehab Med 1982; 14: 101–109.

Hamrin E. One year after stroke: A follow-up of an experimental study. Scand J Rehab Med 1982; 14: 111–16.

Sivenius J. Pyorala K. Heinonen O P Salonen J T Riekkinen P. The significance of intensity of rehabilitation after stroke – a controlled trial. Stroke 1985; 16: 928–31.

Wood-Dauphinee S. Shapiro S. Bass E. . A randomised trial of team care following stroke. Stroke 1984; 5: 864–72.

Indredavik B. Bakke F. Solberg R. Rokseth R. Haahein L L Holme I. Benefit of stroke unit: A randomised controlled trial. Stroke 1991; 22: 1026–31.

Wade D. Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Kennedy F B Pozen T J Gableman E H Tuthill J E Zaentz S. D. Stroke intensive care – an appraisal. Am Heart J 1970; 80: 188–96.

Taylor R. R. Acute stroke demonstration project in a community hospital. J SC Med Assoc 1970; 66: 225–27.

Cooper S W Olivet J A Woolsey F M Jr . Establishment and operation of combined intensive care unit for patients with cardiac and cerebrovascular disorders. N Y State J Med 1972; 72: 2215–20.

Drake W E Hamilton M J Carlsson M. Kand F. Blumenkrantz J. Acute stroke management and patient outcome: The value of neurovascular care units (NCU). Stroke 1973; 4: 933–45.

Pitner S E Mance C. J. An evaluation of stroke intensive care: Results in a municipal hospital. Stroke 1973; 4: 737–41.

Norris J W Hachinski V. C. Intensive care management of stroke patients. Stroke 1976; 7: 573–76.

Carpenter R R Reed D. E. The outcome of patients with cerebrovascular disease in university and community hospitals. Stroke 1972; 3: 747–58.

Jones H R Millikan C. M. Temporal profile (clinical course) of acute carotid system cerebral infarction Stroke 1976; 7: 64–71.

Woimant F. Liege P. Dupuy M. Haguenau M. Pepin B. Traitment des accidents vasculaires cerebraux dans une unite de soins intensifs. Presse Med 1984; 13: 2121–24.

Erila T. Ilmavirta M. Does an intensive-care stroke unit reduce the early case-fatality rate of ischaemic stroke? Stroke 1990; 21(suppl I): I–153.

Hommel M. Memin B. Besson G. Pollak P. Andreoletti J. Perret J. Effects of an acute stroke unit on length of stay. Stroke 1990; 21(suppl I): I-51–I-52.

Hommel M. Memin B. Besson G. Perret J. Hospital admission and acute stroke units. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991; 1(suppl 1): 50–53.

Morris A D Grosset D G Squire I B Lees K R Bone I. Reid J. L. The experiences of an acute stroke unit – implications for multicentre acute stroke trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 352–55.

Millikan C. H. Stroke intensive care units: Objectives and results. Stroke 1979; 10: 235–37.

Feldman D J Lee P R Unterecker J. Lloyd K. Rusk H A Toole A. A comparison of functionally orientated medical care and formal rehabilitation in the management of patients with hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular disease. J Chron Dis 1962; 15: 297–310.

Peacock P B Riley C H P Lampton T D Raffel S S Walker J. S. The Birmingham stroke, epidemiology and rehabilitation study. In: Stewart G T ed. Trends in epidemiology. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 1972: 231–345.

Garraway W M Akhtar A J Hockey L. Prescott R. J. Management of acute stroke in the elderly: Preliminary results of a controlled trial. Br Med J 1980; 280: 1040–44.

Garraway W M Akhtar A J Hockey L. Prescott R. J. Management of acute stroke in the elderly: Follow-up of a controlled trial. Br Med J 1980; 281: 827–29.

Stevens R S Ambler N R Warren M. D. A randomised controlled trial of a stroke rehabilitation ward. Age Ageing 1984; 13: 65–75.

Aitken P D Rodgers H. French J M Bates D. James O. F. W. General medical or geriatric unit care for acute stroke? a controlled trial. Age Ageing 1993; 22(suppl 2): P4–5.

Strand T. Asplund K. Eriksson S. Hagg E. Lithner F. Wester P. O. A non-intensive stroke unit reduces functional disability and the need for long-term hospitalisation. Stroke 1985; 16: 29–34.

De Pedro-Cuesta J. Widen-Holmqvist L. Bach-Y-Rita P. Evaluation of stroke rehabilitation by randomized controlled studies: A review. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 86: 433–39.

Langhorne P. Williams B O Gilchrist W. Howie K. Do stroke units save lives? Lancet 1993; 342: 395–98.

Sandercock P A G Willems H. Medical treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1992; 339: 537–39.

Langhorne P. Williams B O Gilchrist W. Dennis M. Stroke units save lives and reduce the need for institutional care. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Stroke, Geneva, Switzerland, May 1993.

Barer D. Gibson P. Ellul and the GUESS Group. Outcome of hospital care for stroke in 12 centres. Age Ageing 1993; 22(suppl 3): P15.

Gladman J. R. F. Stroke units: Are they cost effective? Br J Hosp Med 1992; 47(2): 91–92.

Sandercock P A G Van den Belt A G M Lindley R I Slattery J. Antithrombotic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke: An overview of the randomised trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 17–25.

Wardlaw J M Warlow C. P. Thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: Does it work? Stroke 1992; 23: 1826–39.

Asplund K. Haemodilution in acute stroke. Cerbrovasc Dis 1991; 1(suppl 1): 129–38.

Gelmers H J Hennerici M. Effect of nimodipine on acute ischaemic stroke: Pooled results from five randomised trials. Stroke 1990; 21(suppl IV): IV-81–IV-84.

Rogvi-Hansen B. Boysen G. Intravenous glycerol treatment of acute stroke – a statistical overview. Cerebrovasc Dis 1992; 2: 11–13.

Quizilbash N. Murphy M. Meta-analysis of trials of glycerol in acute stroke. Age Ageing 1993; 22(suppl 2): P4.

Quizilbash N. Murphy M. Meta-analysis of trials of corticosteroids in acute stroke. Age Ageing 1993; 22(suppl 2): P4.

Garraway W. An evaluation of the management of acute stroke in the elderly [MD Thesis]. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 1980.

Burns J. Dennis M S Bamford J. Sandercock P. Wade D. Warlow C. Long-term risk of recurrent stroke after a first ever stroke: The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke 1994; 25: 333–37.

Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Br Med J 1994; 308: 81–106.

European Carotid Surgery Trial Collaborative Group. Medical Research Council European Carotid Surgery Trial: Interim results for patients with severe (70–99%) or with mild (0–30%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1989; i: 175–80.

EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet 1993; 342: 1255–62.

Dennis M. Langhorne P. So stroke units save lives: Where do we go from here? Br Med J 1994; 309: 1273–77.

Webb D J Fayad P B Wilbur C. Thomas A. Brass L. M. Effects of a specialised team on stroke care. Stroke 1993; 24: 176.

Gompertz P. Dennis M. Hopkins A. Ebrahim S. On behalf of the UK Stroke Audit Group. Development and reliability of the Royal College of Physicians Stroke Audit form. Age Ageing 1994; 23: 378–83.