Vena Cava Filters

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Miles R M Fenwick C. Renner O. A partially occluding clip for the prevention of pulmonary embolism. Am Surg 1964; 30: 40–47.

Adams J T DeWeese J. A. Experimental and clinical evaluation of partial vein interruption in the prevention of pulmonary emboli. Surgery 1965; 57: 82–102.

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Williams R W Schenk W G Jr . A removable intracaval filter for prevention of pulmonary embolism early experience with the use of the Eichelter catheter. Surgery 1970; 68: 999–1003.

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Moser K M Harsany P G Harvey-Smith W. Durante P. Gursan M. Reversible interruption of inferior vena cava by means of a balloon catheter, preliminary report. J Thor Cardiovasc Surg 1971; 62: 205–12.

Hunter J A Sessions R. Buenger R. Experimental balloon obstruction of inferior vena cava. Ann Surg 1970; 171: 315–20.

De Laria G A Hunter J A Serry C. Goldin M. D. Thromboembolism and cancer: Treatment with the Hunter balloon. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1: 670–74.

Hunter J A De Laria G A Goldin M D . Inferior vena cava interruption with the Hunter-Sessions balloon: Eighteen years experience in 191 cases. J Vasc Surg 1989; 10: 450–56.

Tadavarthy S M Castaneda-Zuniga W. Salomonowitz E. . Kimray–Greenfield vena cava filter: Percutaneous introduction. Radiology 1984; 151: 525–26.

Denny D F Cronan J J Dorfman G S Esplin C. Percutaneous Kimray–Greenfield filter placement by femoral vein puncture. AJR 1985; 145: 827–29.

Mobin-Uddin K. Smith P E Martines L D Lombardo C R Jude J. R. A vena caval filter for the prevention of pulmonary embolus. Surg Forum 1967; 18: 209.

Mobin-Uddin K. McLean R. Jude J. R. A new catheter technique of interruption of inferior vena cava for prevention of pulmonary embolism. Am Surg 1969; 35: 889–94.

Mobin-Uddin K. McLean R. Bolooki H. Jude J. R. Caval interruption for prevention of pulmonary embolism; long term results of a new method. Arch Surg 1969; 99: 711–15.

Blumenberg R M Gelfland M. L. Long term follow-up of vena caval clips and umbrellas. Am J Surg 1977; 134: 205–208.

Mobin-Uddin K. Callard G. Bolooki H. Rubinson R. Michie D. Jude J. Transvenous caval interruption with umbrella filter. N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 55–58.

Mobin-Uddin K. Trinkle J K Bryant L. R. Present status of the inferior vena cava umbrella filter. Surgery 1971; 70: 914–18.

Berland L L Maddison F E Bernhard V. M. Radiologic follow-up of vena caval filter devices. Am J Radiol 1980; 134: 1047–52.

Fullen W D McDonough J J Altemeier W. A. Clinical experience with vena caval filters. Arch Surg 1973; 106: 582–86.

Wingered M. Bernhard V M Maddison F E Towne J. B. Comparison of caval filters in the management of venous thromboembolism. Arch Surg 1978; 113: 1264–71.

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Greenfield L J McCurdy J R Brown P P Elkins R. C. A new intracaval filter permitting continued flow and resolution of emboli. Surgery 1973; 73: 599–606.

Greenfield L. J. Intraluminal techniques for vena caval interruption and pulmonary embolectomy. World J Surg 1978; 2: 45–59.

Schroeder T M Elkins R C Greenfield L. J. Entrapment of sized emboli by the KMA–Greenfield intracaval filter. Surgery 1978; 83: 435–39.

Greenfield L J Zocco J. Wilk J. Schroeder T M Elkins R. C. Clinical experience with the Kim-Ray Greenfield vena caval filter. Ann Surg 1977; 185: 692–97.

Greenfield L J Peyton R. Crute S. Barnes R. Greenfield vena caval filter experience: Late results in 156 patients. Arch Surg 1981; 116: 1451–55.

Gomez G A Cutler B S Wheeler H. B. Transvenous interruption of the inferior vena cava. Surgery 1983; 93: 612–19.

Scurr J H Jarrett P E M Wastell C. The treatment of recurrent pulmonary embolism: Experience with the Kimray Greenfield vena cava filter. Ann R Coll Surg 1983; 65: 233–34.

Greenfield L. J. Current indications for and results of Greenfield filter placement. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1: 502–504.

Todd G J Sanderson J. Nowygrod R. Benvenisty A. Reemtsma K. Recent clinical experience with the vena caval filter. Am J Surg 1988; 156: 353–57.

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Pais S O Tobin K D Austin C B Queral L. Percutaneous insertion of the Greenfield inferior vena cava filter: Experience with 96 patients. J Vasc Surg 1988; 8: 460–64.

Greenfield L J Michna B. A. Twelve year clinical experience with the Greenfield vena caval filter. Surgery 1988; 104: 706–11.

Denny D F Dorfman G S Cronan J J Greenwood L H Morse S. Yoselevitz M. Greenfield filter: Percutaneous placement in 50 patients. AJR 1988; 150: 427–29.

Goelueke P J Garrett W V Thompson J E Smith B. Talkington C. M. Interruption of the vena cava by means of the Greenfield filter: Expanding the indications. Surgery 1988; 103: 111–17.

Rohrer M J Scheidler M G Wheeler B. Cutler B. S. Extended indications for placement of an inferior vena caval filter. J Vasc Surg 1989; 10: 44–49.

Greenfield L J Cho K J Pais O. Van Aman M. Preliminary clinical experience with the titanium Greenfield vena cava filter. Arch Surg 1989; 124: 657–59.

Lang W. Schweiger H. Hofmann-Preiss K. Results of long-term venacavography study after placement of a Greenfield vena cava filter. J Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 33: 573–78.

Greenfield L J Cho K J Proctor M C Sobel M. Shah S. Wingo J. Late results of suprarenal Greenfield vena cava filter placement. Arch Sure 1992; 127: 969–73.

Pais S O Tobin K. D. Percutaneous insertion of the Greenfield filter. AJR 1989; 152: 933–38.

Stewart J R Peyton J W R Crute S L Greenfield L. J. Clinical results of suprarenal placement of the Greenfield vena cava filter. Surgery 1982; 92: 1–4.

Orsini R A Jarrell B. E. Suprarenal placement of vena caval filters: Indications, techniques, and results. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1: 124–33.

Greenfield L. J. Antiembolic filters: The state of the art [Letter]. Hosp Pract 1992; 15: 16.

Greenfield L J Savin M. A. Comparison of titanium and stainless steel Greenfield vena caval filters. Surgery 1989; 106: 820–28.

Greenfield L J Cho K J Tauscher J. R. Evolution of hook design for fixation of the titanium Greenfield filter. J Vasc Surg 1990; 12: 345–52.

Roehm J. O. F. The Bird's Nest filter: A new percutaneous transcatheter inferior vena cava filter. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1: 498–501.

Roehm J O F Gianturco C. Barth M H Wright K. Percutaneous transcatheter inferior vena caval filter: A new device for treatment of patients with pulmonary embolism. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1: 498–501.

Gianturco C. Anderson J. Wallace S. A new vena cava filter: Experimental animal evaluation. Radiology 1980; 137: 835–37.

Rose B S Simon D C Hess M L Van Aman M. E. Percutaneous transfemoral placement of the Kimray–Greenfield vena cava filter. Radiology 1987; 165: 373–76.

Kantor A. Glanz S. Gordon D H Sciafani S. J. A. Percutaneous insertion of the Kimray–Greenfield vena cava filter: Incidence of femoral vein thrombosis. AJR 1987; 149: 1065–66.

Roehm J O F Johnsrude I S Barth M H Gianturco C. The Bird's Nest inferior vena cava filter: Progress report. Radiology 1988; 168: 745–49.

Ferris E J McCowan T C Carver D K McFarland D. R. Percutaneous inferior vena caval filters: Follow-up of seven designs in 320 patients. Radiology 1993; 188: 851–56.

Magnant J G Walsh D B Juravsky L I Cronenwett J. L. Current use of inferior vena cava filters. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16: 701–706.

Reed R A Teitelbaum G P Taylor F C Pentecost M J Roehm J. O. Use of the Bird's Nest filter in oversized inferior venae cavae. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1991; 2: 447–50.

Simon M. Kaplow R. Salzman E. Freiman D. A vena cava filter using thermal shape memory alloy. Radiology 1977; 125: 89–94.

Simon M. Athanasoulis C A Kim D. . Simon Nitinol inferior vena cava filter: Initial clinical experience. Radiology 1989; 172: 99–103.

McCowan T C Ferris E J Carver D K Molpus W. M. Complications of the nitinol vena caval filter. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1992; 3: 401–408.

Hawkins S P Al-Kutoubi A. The Simon nitinol inferior vena cava filter: Preliminary experience in the UK. Clin Radiol 1992; 46: 378–80.

Grassi C J Matsumoto A H Teitelbaum G. P. Vena caval occlusion after Simon nitinol filter placement: Identification with MR imaging in patients with malignancy. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1992; 3: 535–39.

Petitjean C. Mairy Y. Saletes M. Fauvel M. Brudon J. R. Interruption of the inferior vena cava by the DIL filter: Experience apropos of 34 cases. J Chir 1991; 128: 494–97.

Lund G. Rysavy J A Salomonmwitz E. . A new vena caval filter for percutaneous placement and retrieval: Experimental study. Radiology 1984; 152: 369–72.

Epstein D H Darcy M D Hunter D W . Experience with the Amplatz retrievable vena caval filter. Radiology 1989; 172: 105–10.

Günther R W Schild H. Fries A. Störkel S. Vena caval filter to prevent pulmonary embolism: Experimental study. Radiology 1985; 156: 315–20.

Guffi M. Hahnloser P. Petropoulos P. Hoogewoud H. M. Prevention of pulmonary embolism with the Gunther filter. Helv Chir Acta 1991; 57: 737–41.

Schneider P A Geissbuhler P. Piguet J C Bounameaux H. Follow-up after partial interruption of the vena cava with the Gunther filter. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1990; 13: 378–80.

Bull P G Mendel H. Schlegl A. Gunther vena caval filter: Clinical appraisal. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1992; 3: 395–99.

Lofaso F. Messadi A A Anglade M C Huet Y. Failure of the intracaval filter of Gunther to prevent recurrence of pulmonary embolism – report of two cases. Intens Care Med 1990; 16: 457–59.

Neuerburg J M Günther R W Vorwerk D. Handt S. Tonn K. Rasmussen E. New retrievable percutaneous vena cava filter [Abstract]. Radiology 1990; 177: 310.

Ricco J B Lehmann G. Crochet J. Lefebvre J M Bouissou E. Improved filter and catheter design (LGM) for percutaneous transvenous interruption of the inferior vena cava. In: Mauer P C ed. Proceedings 14th World Congress of the International Union of Angiology. Munich: Verlag Munchen, 1986: 443–44.

Cull D L Wheeler J R Gregory R T Snyder S O Gayle R G Parent F N III . The Vena Tech filter: Evaluation of a new inferior vena cava interruption device. J Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 32: 691–96.

Ricco J B Crochet D. Sebilotte P. . Percutaneous transvenous caval interruption with the ‘LGM’ filter: Early results of a multicentre trial. Ann Vasc Surg 1988; 2: 242–47.

Cull D L Wheeler J R Gregory R T Synder S O Jr Gayle R G Parent F N III . The Vena Tech filter: Evaluation of a new inferior vena cava interruption device. J Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 32: 691–96.

Tagliabue M. Merati I. Crivellaro M. Computerized tomography in the follow-up of inferior vena cava filters. Radiol Med 1991; 82: 315–21.

Millward S F Marsh J I Peterson R A . LGM (Vena Tech) vena cava filter: Clinical experience in 64 patients. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1991; 2: 429–33.

Murphy T P Dorfman G S Yedlicka J W . LGM vena cava filter: Objective evaluation of early results. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1991; 2: 107–15.

Crochet D P Stora O. Ferry D. . Vena Tech-LGM filter: Long term results of a prospective study. Radiology 1993; 188: 857–60.

Athanasoulis C. A. Complications of vena cava filters. Radiology 1993; 188: 614–15.

Kanter B. Moser K. M. The Greenfield vena cava filter. Chest 1988; 93: 170–75.

Stewart J R Greenfield L. J. Transvenous vena caval filtration and pulmonary embolectomy. Surg Clin North Am 1982; 62: 411–19.

Greenfield L J Proctor M. C. Twenty year experience with the Greenfield vena caval filter. Proceedings of the XXI World Congress of The International Society of Cardiovascular Surgery, Lisbon, 12–15 September 1993.

Rohrer M J Cutler B. S. Placement of two Greenfield filters in a duplicated vena cava. Surgery 1988; 104: 572–74.

Soltes G D Fisher R G Whigham C J Jr . Placement of dual bird's nest filters in an unusual case of duplicated inferior vena cava. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1992; 3: 709–11.

Smith D C Kohne R E Taylor F. C. Steel coil embolization supplementing filter placement in a patient with a duplicated inferior vena cava. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1992; 3: 577–80.

Teitelbaum G P McKay R H Katz M. D. Bird's nest filter placement within an enlarged hemiazygos vein for prevention of pulmonary embolism. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1993; 16: 119–21.

McAuley C E Webster M W Jarrett F. Hirsch S A Steed D. L. The Greenfield intracaval filter as a source of recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism. Surgery 1984; 96: 574–76.

Kantor A. Glanz S. Gordon D H Sclafani S. J. Percutaneous insertion of the Kimray–Greenfield filter: Incidence of femoral vein thrombosis. AJR 1987; 149: 1065–66.

Tobin K D Pais S O Austin C. B. Femoral vein thrombosis following percutaneous placement of the Greenfield filter. Invest Radiol 1989; 24: 442–45.

Hicks M E Middleton W D Picus D. Darcy M D Kleinhoffer M. A. Prevalence of local venous thrombosis after transfemoral placement of a Bird's Nest vena caval filter. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1990; 1: 63–68.

Greenfield L J Stewart J. R. Improved technique for insertion of Greenfield vena caval filter. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983; 156: 217–19.

Hirsch S B Harrington E B Miller C M Estioko M R Haimov M. Accidental placement of the Greenfield filter in the heart: Report of two cases. J Vasc Surg 1987; 6: 609–10.

Castaneda F. Herrera M. Cragg A H . Migration of a Kimray–Greenfield filter to the right ventricle. Radiology 1983; 149: 690.

Friedell M L Goldenkranz R J Parsonnet V. Migration of a Greenfield filter to the pulmonary artery: A case report. Radiology 1986; 3: 929–31.

Greenfield L J Crute S. L. Retrieval of the Greenfield vena caval filter. Surgery 1980; 88: 719–22.

Sadighi P J Frost E. S. Retrieval of Greenfield filter from the right atrium. Ann Vasc Surg 1992; 6: 173–75.

Malden E S Darcy M D Hicks M E . Transvenous retrieval of misplaced stainless steel Greenfield filters. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 1992; 3: 703–708.

Gelbfish G A Ascer E. Intracardiac and intrapulmonary Greenfield filters: A long-term follow-up. J Vasc Surg 1991; 14: 614–17.

Lahey S J Meyer L P Karchmer A W . Misplaced caval filter and subsequent pericardial tamponade. Ann Thor Surg 1991; 51: 299–300.

Katsamouris A A Waltmen A C Delichatsios M A Athanasoulis C. A. Inferior vena cava filters: In vitro comparison of clot trapping and flow dynamics. Radiology 1988; 166: 361–66.

Korbin C D Reed R A Taylor F C Kokoris S P Teitelbaum G. P. In vitro flow phantom analysis and clot-capturing ability of incompletely opened Vena Tech-LGM vena caval filters. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1993; 16: 3–6.

Isaacson S. Gray R R Pugash R. A. Manipulation by catheter of unopened LGM filter. Can Assoc Radiol J 1993; 44: 17–20.

Eagle C J Davies J. M. Lethal air embolism during placement of a Kimray–Greenfield filter. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1990; 4: 616–20.

Phillips M R Widrich W C Johnson W. C. Perforation of the inferior vena cava by the Kimray–Greenfield filter. Surgery 1980; 87: 233–35.

Carabasi R A III Moritz M J Jarell B. E. Complications encountered with the use of the Greenfield filter. Am J Surg 1987; 154: 163–68.

Kim D. Porter D H Siegel J B Simon M. Perforation of the inferior vena cava with aortic and vertebral penetration by a suprarenal Greenfield filter. Radiology 1989; 172: 721–23.

Greenfield L J Cho K J Tauscher J. R. Limitations of percutaneous insertion of Greenfield filters. J Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 31: 244–350.

Kurgan A. Nunnelee J D Auer A. I. Penetration of the wall of an abdominal aortic aneurism by a Greenfield filter prong: A late complication. J Vasc Surg 1993; 18: 303–306.

Appleberg M. Crozier J. A. Duodenal penetration by a Greenfield caval filter. Aust NZ J Surg 1991; 61: 957–60.

Sidawy A N Menzoian J. O. Distal migration and deformation of the Greenfield vena cava filter. Surgery 1986; 99: 369–72.

Kupferschmid J P Dickson C S Townsend R N Diamond D. L. Small-bowel obstruction from an extruded Greenfield filter strut: An unusual late complication. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16: 113–15.

Praiss D E Marmar J. L. Is the umbrella filter safe [Letter]? N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 1006.

Howerton R M Watkins M. Feldman L. Late arterial hemorrhage secondary to a Greenfield filter requiring operative intervention. Surgery 1991; 109: 265–68.

Messmer J M Greenfield L. J. Greenfield caval filters: Long term radiographic follow-up study. Radiology 1985; 156: 613–18.

Schneider P A Geissbuhler P. Piguet J C Bounameaux H. Follow-up after partial interruption of the vena cava with the Gunther filter. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1990; 13: 378–80.

Lang W. Schweiger H. Fietkau R. Hofmann-Preiss K. Spontaneous disruption of two Greenfield vena caval filters. Radiology 1990; 174: 445–46.

Puram B. Maley T J White N M Rotman H H Miller G. Acute myocardial infarction resulting from the migration of a Greenfield filter. Chest 1990; 98: 1510–11.

Taheri S A Kulaylat M N Johnson E. Hoover E. A complication of the Greenfield filter: Fracture and distal migration of two struts — a case report. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16: 96–99.

Bury T F Barman A. A. Strut fracture after Greenfield filter placement. J Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 32: 384–86.

Maxwell R J Greenfield L. J. Effects of pulmonary embolism on survival of patients with Greenfield vena caval filters. Surgery 1987; 101: 389–94.

Cohen J R Tenenbaum N. Citron M. Greenfield filter as primary therapy for deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer. Surgery 1991; 109: 12–15.