RiemersmaR AWoodD AButlerS.. Linoleic acid content in adipose tissue and coronary heart disease. Br Med J1986; 292: 1423–27.
2.
TavendaleR.LeeA JSmithW C STunstall-PedoeH.Adipose tissue fatty acids in Scottish men and women: Results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Atherosclerosis1992; 94: 161–69.
3.
KeysA.Seven countries: A multivariate analysis of death and coronary heart disease. Harvard University Press, London, 1980.
4.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food.Household food consumption and expenditure. Annual reports of the National Food Survey Committee. HMSO: London, 1982–1992.
5.
Office of Population Censuses and Surveys.Mortality statistics: Cause. Review of the Registrar General on deaths by cause, sex and age in England and Wales. HMSO: London, 1982–1992.
6.
SimpsonH C RBarkerK.CarterR DCasselsE.MannJ. I.Low dietary intake of linoleic acid predisposes to myocardial infarction. Br Med J1982; 285: 683–84.
7.
WoodD AButlerS.RiemersmaR A. Adipose tissue and platelet fatty acids and coronary heart disease in Scottish men. Lancet1984; ii: 117–21.
8.
ThomasL HOlpinS OScottR GWilkinsM. P.Coronary heart disease and the composition of adipose tissue taken at biopsy. Hum Nutr Food Sci Nutr1987; 41F: 167–72.
9.
FehilyA MYarnellJ W GButlandB. K.Diet and ischaemic heart disease in the Caerphilly study. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr1987; 41A: 319–26.
10.
FultonM.ThomsonM.EltonR AWoodD AOliverM. F.Cigarette smoking, social class and nutrient intake: Relevance to coronary heart disease. Eur J Clin Nutr1988; 42: 797–803.
11.
FehilyA MElwoodP CYarnellJ. W. G.Cigarettes and heart disease. Lancet1989; ii: 114–15.
12.
ThompsonR LMargettsB MWoodD AJacksonA. A.Cigarette smoking and food and nutrient intakes in relation to coronary heart disease. Nutr Res Rev1992; 5: 131–52.
13.
PosnerB MCobbJ LBelangerA JCupplesA.D'AgostinoR BStokesJ.Dietary lipid predictors of coronary heart disease in men. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med1991; 151: 1181–87.
14.
Garcia-PalmieriM RSorlieP.TillotsonJ.CostasR.CorderoE.RodriguezM.Relationship of dietary intake to subsequent coronary heart disease incidence: The Puerto Rico heart health programme. Am J Clin Nutr1980; 33: 1818–27.
15.
McGeeD LReedD MYanoK.KaganA.TillotsonJ.Ten year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu heart programme: Relationship to nutrient intake. Am J Epidemiol1984; 119: 667–76.
16.
KushiL HLewR AStareF J. Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease: The Ireland–Boston diet–heart study. N Engl J Med1985; 312: 811–18.
17.
FehilyA MPickeringJ.YarnellJ W GElwoodP. C.Dietary indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity and ischaemic heart disease risk: The Caerphilly prospective study. Br J Nutr1993 (in press).
18.
KromhoutD.CoulanderD. L.Diet, prevalence and 10-year mortality from coronary heart disease in 871 middle-aged men. The Zutphen study. Am J Epidemiol1984; 119: 733–41.
19.
ShekelleR BShryockMacMillan A.PaulO.. Diet, serum cholesterol and death from coronary heart disease. The Western Electric study. N Engl J Med1981; 304: 65–70.
20.
MiettinenT ANaukkarinenV.HattunenJ KMattialS.KumlinT.Fatty acid composition of serum lipids predicts myocardial infarction. Br Med J1982; 285: 993–96.
21.
MorrisJ NMarrJ WClaytonD. G.Diet and heart: A postscript. Br Med J1977; 2: 1307–14.
22.
RoseG AThomsonW BWilliamsR. T.Corn oil in treatment of ischaemic heart disease. Br Med J1965; 1: 1531–33.
23.
Medical Research Council Research Committee.Controlled trial of soyabean oil in myocardial infarction. Lancet1968, ii: 693–700.
24.
LerenP.The Oslo diet–heart study. Eleven-year report. Circulation1970; 42: 935–42.
25.
WoodhillJ MPalmerA JLeelarthaepinB.McGilchristC.BlacketR. B.Low fat low cholesterol diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Adv Exp Med Biol1978; 109: 317–30.
26.
BurrM LFehilyA MGilbertJ F. Effects of changes in fat, fish and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet1989; ii: 757–61.
27.
DaytonS.PearceM LHasimotoS.DixonW JTomiyasuU.A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications of atherosclerotic complications. Circulation1969; 60 (suppl 2): 1–63.
HjermannI.HolmeI.LerenP.Oslo study: Diet and antismoking trial. Results after 102 months. Am J Med1986; 80 (suppl 2A): 7–11.
30.
WilhelmsenL.BerglundG.ElmfeldtD.. The multifactor primary prevention trial in Goteborg, Sweden. Eur Heart J1986; 7: 279–88.
31.
WHO European Collaborative Group.European collaborative trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary heart disease: Final report on the six year results. Lancet1986; i: 869–72.
32.
HjermannI.Velve-ByreK.HolmeI.LerenP.Effect of diet and smoking intervention on incidence of CHD: Report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomised trial in healthy men. Lancet1981; ii: 1303–10.
33.
BurrM. L.Fish and the cardiovascular system. Prog Food Nutr Sci1989; 13: 291–316.
34.
KromhoutD.BosschieterE BCoulanderC. L.The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med1985; 312: 1205–209.
35.
ShekelleR BPaulO.ShryockMacMillan A.StamlerJ.Fish consumption and mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med1985; 313: 820.
36.
NorellS.AhlbomA.FeychtingM.PedersenN. L.Fish consumption and mortality from coronary heart disease. Br Med J1986; 293: 426.
37.
DolecekT AGranditsG.CaggiulaA WTillotsonJ.Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Proceedings of the Second World Congress of Preventive Cardiology, USA, 1989: Abstract 255.
38.
CurbJ DReedD. M.Fish consumption and mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med1985; 313: 820–21.
39.
VollsetS EHeuchI.BjelkeE.Fish consumption and mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med1985; 313: 821.
40.
LapidusL.AndersonH.BengtssonC.BosaeusI.Dietary habits in relation to incidence of cardiovascular disease and death in women: A 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr1986; 44: 444–48.
41.
SnowdonD. A.Animal product consumption and mortality because of all causes combined, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer in Seventh-Day Adventists. Am J Clin Nutr1988; 48: 739–48.
42.
BurrM LButlandB. K.Heart disease in British vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr1988; 48: 830–38.
43.
BurrM LBatesC JFehilyA MSt LegerA. S.Plasma cholesterol and blood pressure in vegetarians. J Hum Nutr1981; 35: 437–41.
44.
MendelsohnD.MendelsohnJ.Effect of polyunsaturated fat on regression of atheroma in the non-human primate. S Afr Med J1989; 76: 371–73.
45.
BrownG.AlbeusJ JFisherL D. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid lowering therapy in men with high levels of apoprotein B. N Engl J Med1990; 323: 1289–98.
46.
ArtzeniusA AKromhoutD.BarthJ D. Diet, lipoproteins and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The Leiden intervention trial. N Engl J Med1985; 312: 805–11.
47.
WattsG FLewisB.BruntJ N H. Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet1992; 339: 563–69.
48.
SinclairH. M.The diet of Canadian Indians and Eskimos. Proc Nutr Soc1953; 12: 69–82.
49.
WienerB HOckeneI SLevineP H. Inhibition of atherosclerosis by cod-liver oil in a hyperlipidaemic swine model. N Engl J Med1986; 315: 841–46.
50.
DaviesH RBridenshireR TVessenlinovichD.WisslerR. W.Fish oil inhibits development of atherosclerosis in rhesus monkeys. Arteriosclerosis1987; 7: 441–48.
51.
ShimokawaH.VanhouteP. M.Dietary cod-liver oil improves endothelium-dependent responses in hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries. Circulation1988; 78: 1421–30.
52.
ParksJ SKaduck-SawyerJ.BullockB CRudelL. L.Effect of dietary fish oil on coronary artery and aortic atherosclerosis in African green monkeys. Arteriosclerosis1990; 10: 1102–12.
53.
ParthasarathyS.QuinnM TSchwenkeD CCarewT ESteinbergD.Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: Implications for the dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1990; 87: 3894–98.
54.
SlackJ DPinkertonC AVan TasselJ.. Can oral fish supplement minimise restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty?J Am Coll Cardiol1987; 9: 64A.
55.
IlsleyC D JNyeE RSutherlandW.RamJ.AblettM. B.Randomised placebo-controlled trial of MaxEPA and Aspirin/Persantin after successful coronary angioplasty. Aust NZ J Med1987; 17: 559.
56.
DehmerG JPopmanJ JVan den BergE K. Reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. N Engl J Med1988; 319: 733–40.
57.
MilnerM RGallinoR ALeffingwellA.. Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol1989; 64: 394–99.
58.
ChengA.BustamiM.NorellsM SMitchellA GIlseyC. D. J.The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Eur Heart J1990; 11 (suppl): 368.
59.
ReisG JBoucherT MSipperlyM E. Randomised trial of fish oil for prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lancet1989; ii: 177–81.
60.
GriggL EKayT W HValentineP A. Determinants of restenosis and lack of effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the incidence of coronary artery restenosis with angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol1989; 13: 665–72.
61.
FranzenD.HoppH WGuntherH.. Prospective randomised and double-blinded trial about the effect of fish oil on the incidence of restenosis following PCTA and on coronary artery disease progression. Eur Heart J1990; 11 (suppl): 367.
62.
CharnockJ SMcLennanP LMcIntoshG HBarndenL RButtfieldI. H.Radionucleotide angiographic study of the influence of dietary lipid supplements on cardiac function in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Cardiovasc Res1987; 21: 369–76.
63.
McLennanP LAbeywardenaM YCharnockJ. S.Dietary fish oil prevents ventricular fibrillation following coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Am Heart J1988; 116: 709–17.
64.
McLennanP LBarndenL RAbeywardenaM YCharnockJ. S.Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cardiac function in the marmoset monkey. J Mol Cell Cardiol1989; 21 (suppl II): 532.
65.
McLennanP LAbeywardenaM YCharnockJ. S.The influence of age and dietary fat in an animal model of sudden cardiac death. A ust N Z J Med1989; 19: 1–5.
66.
McLennanP LAbeywardenaM YCharnockJ. S.Reversal of the arrhythmogenic effects of long term saturated fatty acid intake by dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr1990; 51: 53–58.
RiemersmaR ASargentC. A.Dietary fish oil and ischaemic arrhythmias. J Intern Med1989; 225 (suppl 1): 111–16.
69.
AbrahamR.RiemersmaR AWoodD.EltonR.OliverM. F.Adipose fatty acid composition and the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol1989; 63: 269–72.
70.
CharnockJ SMcLennanP LSundramK.AbeywardenaM. Y.Omega-3 PUFAs reduce the vulnerability of the rat heart to ischaemic arrhythmia in the presence of a high intake of saturated animal fat. Nutr Res1991; 11: 1025–34.
71.
BaintonD.MillerN EBoltonC H. Plasma triglyceride and high density lipoprotein concentration as predictors of ischaemic heart disease in British men. The Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart disease studies. Br Heart J1992; 68: 60–66.
72.
MacMahonS.PetoR.CutlerJ.. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease: Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet1990; 335: 765–74.
73.
YarnellJ W GBakerI ASweetnamP M. Fibrinogen, viscosity and white blood cell count are major risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. The Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart disease studies. Circulation1991; 83: 836–44.
74.
ElwoodP CRenaudS.SharpD SBeswickA DO'BrienJ RYarnellJ. W. G.Ischaemic heart disease and platelet aggregation. The Caerphilly collaborative heart disease study. Circulation1991; 83: 38–44.
75.
FehilyA MYarnellJ W GBoltonC HButlandB. K.Dietary determinants of plasma lipids and lipoproteins: The Caerphilly study. Eur J Clin Nutr1988; 42: 405–13.
76.
WattsG FAhmedW.QuineyJ.. Effective lipid lowering diets including lean meat. Br Med J1988; 296: 235–37.
77.
European Atherosclerosis Society.Strategies for the prevention of coronary heart disease: A policy statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J1987; 8: 77–88.
78.
KuusiT.EhnholmC.HuttunenJ K. Concentration and composition of serum lipoproteins during a low fat diet at two levels of polyunsaturated fat. J Lipid Res1985; 26: 360–67.
79.
MensinkR PKatanM. B.Effect of a diet enriched with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids on levels of low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy men and women. N Engl J Med1989; 323: 439–44.
80.
MattsonF HGrundyS. M.Comparison of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. J Lipid Res1986; 26: 194–202.
81.
SandersT A BHindsA.PerreiraC. C.Influence of n-3 fatty acids on blood lipids in normal subjects. J Intern Med1989; 225 (suppl 1): 99–104.
82.
BeilF UTerresW.OrgassM.GretenH.Dietary fish oil lowers lipoprotein (a) in primary hypertriglyceridaemia. Atherosclerosis1991; 90: 95–97.
83.
GriesA.MalleH.KostnerG. M.Influence of dietary fish oils on plasma Lp(a) levels. Thromb Res1990; 58: 667–68.
84.
MargettsB MBeilinL JArmstrongB K. Blood pressure and dietary polyunsaturated and saturated fats: A controlled trial. Clin Sci1985; 69: 165–75.
85.
SingerP.JaegerW.BergerI.. Effects of dietary oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids on blood pressure, serum lipids, lipoproteins and the formation of eicosanoid precursors in patients with mild essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens1990; vmr-4: 227–33.
86.
IaconoJ MPuskaP.DoughertyR M. Effect of dietary fat on blood pressure in a rural Finnish population. Am J Clin Nutr1983; 38: 860–67.
87.
PuskaP.IaconoJ MNissinenA.. Controlled randomised trial of the effect of dietary fat on blood pressure. Lancet1983; i: 1–5.
88.
RogersS.JamesK SButlandB KEtheringtonM DO'BrienJ RJonesJ. G.Effects of a fish oil supplement on serum lipids, blood pressure, bleeding time, haemostatic and rheological variables. A double-blind randomised controlled trial in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis1987; 63: 137–43.
89.
KnappH RFitzgeraldG. A.The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med1989; 320: 1037–43.
90.
BonaaK HBjerveK SStraumeB.GramI TThelleD.Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on blood pressure in hypertension. A population-based intervention trial from the Tromso study. N Engl J Med1990; 322: 795–801.
91.
CobiacL.NestelP.WingL M HHoweP. R. C.The effects of dietary sodium restriction and fish oil supplements on blood pressure in the elderly. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol1991; 18: 265–68.
92.
RogersS.YarnellJ W GFehilyA. M.Nutritional determinants of haemostatic factors in the Caerphilly study. Eur J Clin Nutr1988; 42: 197–205.
93.
MillerG. J.Dietary fat and coagulation. Chem Ind1992; 21 Dec: 955–58.
94.
McDonaldB EGerrardJ MBruceV MCornerE. J.Comparison of the effect of canola oil and sunflower oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and on in vivo thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin production in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr1989; 50: 1382–88.
95.
NordoyA.RodsetJ. M.The influences of dietary fats on platelets in man. Acta Med Scand1971; 190: 24–34.
96.
SandersT A BHochlandM. C.A comparison of the influence on plasma lipids and platelet function of supplements of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr1983; 50: 521–29.
97.
SirtoriC RTremoliE.GattiE.. Controlled evaluation of fat intake in the Mediterranean diet: Comparative activities of olive oil and corn oil on plasma lipids and platelets in high-risk patients. Am J Nutr1986; 44: 635–42.
98.
RenaudS.GodseyF.DumontE.ThevenonC.OrtchanianE.MartinJ. L.Influence of long-term diet modification on platelet function and composition in Moselle farmers. Am J Clin Nutr1986; 43: 136–50.
99.
FisherM.LevineP HWeinerB.. The effect of vegetarian diets on plasma lipid and platelet levels. Arch Intern Med1986; 146: 1193–97.
HornstraG.LewisB.ChaitA.TurpeinenO.KarvonenM JVergroesenA. J.Influence of dietary fat on platelet function in men. Lancet1973; i: 1155–57.
102.
FleischmanA IJusticeD.BierenbaumM LStierA.SullivanA.Beneficial effects of increased dietary linoleate upon in vivo platelet function in man. J Nutr1975; 105: 1286–90.
103.
DyerbergJ.BangH. O.Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet1979; ii: 433–35.
104.
ThorngrenM.GustafsenA.Effects of 11-week increase in dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on bleeding time, lipids and platelet aggregation. Lancet1981; ii: 1190–93.
105.
SandersT A BRoshaniF.The influence of different types of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood lipids and platelet function in healthy volunteers. Clin Sci1983; 63: 91–99.
106.
MortensenJ ZSchmidtE BNielsenA HDyerbergJ.The effect of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Thromb Haemost1983; 50: 543–46.
107.
MehtaJ LLopezL MLawsonD.WargovichT JWilliamsL. L.Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with stable coronary heart disease: Effects on indices of platelet and neutrophil function and exercise performance. Am J Med1988; 84: 45–52.
108.
HansenJ BOlsenJ OWilsgardL.OsterudB.Effects of dietary supplementation with cod liver oil on monocyte thromboplastin synthesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. J Intern Med1989; 225 (suppl 1): 133–39.
109.
HostmarkA TBjerkedalT.KierulfP.FlatenH.UlshagenK.Fish oil and plasma fibrinogen. Br Med J1988; 297: 180–81.
110.
SchmidtBerg E.VanningK.ErnstE.MadsenP.DyerbergJ.Dose response studies on the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipids and haemostasis. Throm Haemost1990; 63: 1–5.
111.
HiraiA.TeranoT.HamazakiT.. The effects of the oral administration of fish oil concentrate on the release and the metabolism of [14C] arachidonic acid and [14C] eicosapentaenoic acid by human platelets. Thromb Res1982; 28: 285–98.
112.
VelardoB.LagardeM.GuichardantM.DechavanneM.Decrease in platelet activity after intake of small amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid in diabetes. Thromb Haemost1982; 48: 344.
113.
DrissF.VericelE.LargardeM.DechavanneM.DarcetP.Inhibition of platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis after intake of small amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid. Thromb Res1984; 36: 389–96.
114.
Van HouwelingenA CHornstraG.KromhoutD.CoulanderC. L.Habitual fish consumption, fatty acids of serum phospholipids and platelet function. Atherosclerosis1989; 75: 157–65.