The Epidemiology of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Kannel WB Shurtleff D. The Framingham study. Cigarettes and the development of intermittent claudication. Geriatrics 1973; 28: 61–68.

Widmer LK Greensher A Kannel WB . Occlusion of peripheral arteries: A study of 6,400 working subjects. Circulation 1964; 30: 836–42.

Heliovaara M Karvonen WJ Vilhunden R Punsar S. Smoking, carbon monoxide and atherosclerotic diseases. Br Med J 1978; 1: 268–70.

Schroll M Munck O. Estimation of peripheral arteriosclerotic disease by ankle blood pressure measurements in a population study of 60 year-old men and women. J Chron Dis 1981; 34: 261–69.

The ARIC Investigators. The atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study: Design and objectives. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 687–702.

Fowkes FGR Housley E Riemersma RA . Smoking, lipids, glucose intolerance and blood pressure as risk factors for peripheral atherosclerosis compared with ischaemic heart disease in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 331–40.

Rose GA . The diagnosis of ischaemic heart pain and intermittent claudication in field surveys. Bull WHO 1962; 27: 645–58.

Fowkes FGR . The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17: 248–54.

Leng GC Fowkes FGR . The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire: An improved version of the WHO/Rose questionnaire for use in epidemiological surveys. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 1101–109.

Pomrehn P Duncan B Weissfeld L . The association of dyslipoproteinaemia with symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease. The Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study. Circulation 1986; 73 (suppl 1): 100–107.

Gofin R Karic JD Friedlander Y . Peripheral vascular disease in a middle-aged population sample. The Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study. Int J Med Sci 1987; 23: 157–67.

De Backer IC Kornitizer M Sobolski J Denolin H. Intermittent claudication — epidemiology and natural history. Acta Cardiol 1979; 34: 115–24.

Isacsson S. Venous occlusion plethysmography in 55 year-old men: A population study in Malmo, Sweden. Acta Med Scand 1972; 537 (suppl): 1–62.

Reunanen A Takkunen H Aromaa A. Prevalence of intermittent claudication and its effect on mortality. Acta Med Scand 1982; 211: 249–56.

Bothig S Metelisa VI Barth W . Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and intermittent claudication, and distribution of risk factors among middle-aged men in Moscow and Berlin. Cor Vasa 1976; 18: 104–18.

Dagenais GR Maurice S Robitaille NM Gingras S Lupein PJ . Intermittent claudication in Quebec men from 1974–1986: The Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Clin Invest Med 1991; 14: 93–100.

Richard JL Ducimetiere P Elgrishi I . Depistage par questionnaire de l'insuffisance coronarienne et de la claudication intermittente. Rev Epidemiol Med Soc Sante Publique 1972; 20: 735–55.

Hale WE Marks RG May FE . Epidemiology of intermittent claudication: Evaluation of risk factors. Age Ageing 1988; 17: 57–60.

Criqui MH Fronek A Barrett-Connor E. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985; 71: 510–15.

Higgins MW Kjelsberg M. Characteristics of smokers and non-smokers in Tecumseh, Michigan. Am J Epidemiol 1967; 86: 60–77.

Hughson WG Mann JI Garrod A. Intermittent claudication: Prevalence and risk factors. Br Med J 1978; 1: 1379–81.

Norgren L. Definition, incidence and epidemiology. In: Dormandy J Stock G eds. Critical leg ischaemia — its pathophysiology and management. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1990: 7–13.

DaSilva A Widmer LK . Arterienprojekt. Peripher arterielle Verschusskrankheit. In: Widmer LK ed. Venen-, Arterien-, Krankheiten, Koronare Herzkrankheit bei Berufstatigen. Berne: Hans Huber, 1981: 137–237.

Mitchell JRA Schwartz CJ . Arterial disease. Oxford: Blackwell, 1965.

Roberts JC Moses C Wilkins RH . Autopsy studies in atherosclerosis. Circulation 1959; 20: 511–19.

Sternby NH . Atherosclerosis in a defined population. An autopsy study in Malmo, Sweden. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1968; (suppl 194).

Levy LA . Smoking and peripheral vascular disease. Epidemiology and podiatric perspective. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1989; 79: 398–402.

Skalkidis Y Katsouyanni K Petridou E . Risk factors for peripheral arterial occlusive disease: A case-control study in Greece. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 614–18.

Da Silva A Widmer LK Ziegler HW . The Basle longitudinal study: Report on the relation of initial glucose level to baseline ecg abnormalities, peripheral arterial disease and subsequent mortality. J Chron Dis 1979; 32: 797–803.

Gordon T Kannel WB . Predisposition to atherosclerosis in the head, heart and legs JAMA 1972; 221: 661–66.

Fowkes FGR . Epidemiology of atherosclerotic arterial disease in the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Surg 1988; 2: 283–91.

Gyntelberg F. Physical fitness and coronary heart disease in male residents in Copenhagen aged 40–59. Dan Med Bull 1973; 20: 1–4.

Jacobson UK Dige-Pedersen H Gyntelberg F Svendsen UG . ‘Risk factors’ and manifestations of arteriosclerosis in patients with intermittent claudication compared to normal persons. Dan Med Bull 1984; 31: 145–48.

Reid DD Holland WW Hummerfelt S Rose G. A cardiovascular survey of British postal workers. Lancet 1966; i: 614–18.

Kannel WB McGhee DL . Update on some epidemiological features of intermittent claudication: The Framingham Study. J Am Ger Soc 1985; 33: 13–18.

The Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. Plasma lipid distributions in selected N. American populations: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1979; 60: 427–39.

Laakso M Ronnemaa T Pyorala K . Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its risk factors in non-insulin dependent diabetics and non-diabetic subjects in Finland. Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 449–63.

Van Gaal L Rillaerts E Creten W De Leeuw I. Relationship of body fat distribution pattern to atherogenic risk factors in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Preliminary results. Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 103–106.

Schrade W Boehle E Biefler R. Humoral changes in arteriosclerosis. Investigations on lipids, fatty acids, ketone bodies, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and glucose in the blood. Lancet 1960; ii: 1409–16.

Greenhalgh RM Rosengarten DS Mervart I . Serum lipids and lipoproteins in peripheral vascular disease. Lancet 1971; ii: 947–50.

Sirtori CR Biasi G Vercellio G . Diet lipids and lipoproteins in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Med Sci 1974; 268: 325–32.

Vyden JK Thorner JK Nagasawa K . Metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Am Heart J 1975; 90: 703–708.

Skrede S Kvarstein B. Hyperlipidaemia in peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease. Acta Clin Scand 1975; 141: 333–40.

Angquist KA Johnson O Ericsson M Tollin C. Serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins A1 and A11 in male patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Acta Chir Scand 1982; 148: 675–78.

Cardia G Grisorio D Impedovo G . Plasma lipids as a risk factor in peripheral vascular disease. Angiology 1990; 41: 19–22.

Agner E. Natural history of angina pectoris, possible previous myocardial infarction and intermittent claudication during the eighth decade. Acta Med Scand 1981; 210: 271–76.

Muller-Buhl U Schettler G. Common prevalence of coronary and peripheral vascular disease. Bol Asoc Med P R 1988; 80: 289–90.

Da Silva A Widmer LK . Occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Early diagnosis, incidence, course, significance. Berne: Hans Huber, 1980.

Ruhling K Zabel-Langhenning R Till U Thielmenn K. Enhanced net mess transfer of HDL cholesteryl esters to Apo B-containing lipoproteins in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 184: 289–96.

Dormandy JA Hoare E Colley J . Clinical, haemodynamic, rheological and biochemical findings in 126 patients with intermittent claudication. Br Med J 1973; vmr-4: 576–81.

Bradby GV Valente AJ Walton KW . Serum high density lipoproteins in peripheral vascular disease. Lancet 1990; ii: 1271–74.

Smith Davey G Shipley MJ Rose G. Intermittent claudication, heart disease risk factors, and mortality. The Whitehall Study. Circulation 1990; 82: 1925–31.

Gotto AM . Interrelationship of triglycerides with lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 20A–23A.

Kirstein P Olsson AG . HDL cholesterol is low in young and increases with age in male claudicators. Atherosclerosis 1979; 33: 145–48.

Lipinska I Lipinski B Gurewich V. Lipoproteins, fibrinolytic activity and fibrinogen in patients with occlusive vascular disease and in healthy subjects with a family history of heart attacks. Artery 1979; 6: 254–64.

Trayner IM Mannarino E Cyne CAC Thompson GR . Serum lipids and high density lipoproteins in peripheral vascular disease. Br J Surg 1980; 67: 497–99.

Pilger E Pristautz H Pfeiffer KH Kostner GM . Retrospective evaluation of risk factors for peripheral atherosclerosis by stepwise discriminant analysis. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 3: 57–63.

Beach KW . The correlation of arteriosclerosis obliterans with lipoproteins in insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes 1979; 28: 836–40.

Bihari-Varga M Szekely J Gruber E. Plasma high density lipoproteins in coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular diseases. The influence of various risk factors. Atherosclerosis 1981; 40: 337–45.

Rosengren A Wilhelmsen L Eriksson E Risberg B Wedel H. Lipoprotein (a) and coronary heart disease: A prospective case-control study in a general population sample of middle-aged men. Br Med J 1990; 301: 1248–51.

Editorial. Apolipoprotein-B and atherogenesis. Lancet 1988; i: 1141–42.

Monsalve MV Young R Wiseman SA . DNA polymorphism of the gene for apolipoprotein B in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis 1988; 70: 123–29.

Kingsbury KJ Morgan DM Stovold R Brett CG . The relationship between plasma cholesteryl polyunsaturated fatty acids, age and atherosclerosis. Postgrad Med J 1969; 45: 591–601.

The Pooling Research Group. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events. Final report of the pooling project. J Chron Dis 1978; 31: 201–306.

Miettenen TA Naukkarinen V Huttunen JK Mattila S Kumlin T. Fatty acid composition of serum lipids predicts myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1982; 282: 993–96.

Wood DA Butler S Riemersma RA . Adipose tissue and platelet fatty acids and coronary heart disease in Scottish men. Lancet 1984; ii: 117–21.

Logan RL Riemersma RA Thomson M . Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease in normal men aged 40. Edinburgh-Stockholm Study. Lancet 1978; 1: 949–54.

Wood DA Riemersma RA Butler S . Linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids in adipose tissue and platelets and risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1987; i: 177–82.

Riemersma RA Wood DA Maclntyre CCA . Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C and E and carotene. Lancet 1991; 337: 1–5.

MacRury SM Muir M Hume R. Seasonal and climatic variation in cholesterol and vitamin C: Effect of vitamin C supplementation. Scot Med J 1992; 37: 49–52.

Harland WA Gilbert JD Steel G Brooks CJW . Lipids of human atheroma, Part 5. The occurrence of a new group of polar sterol esters in various stages of human atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1971; 13: 239–46.

Stringer MD Gorog PG Freeman A Kakkar VV . Lipid peroxides and atherosclerosis. Br Med J 1989; 298: 281–84.

Kiesewetter H Jung F Kotitschke G . Prevalence, risk factors and rheological profile of arterial vascular disease; first results of the Aachen study. Folia Haematol (Leipz) 1988; 115: 587–93.

Stormer B Horsch R Kleinschmidt F . Blood viscosity in patients with peripheral vascular disease in the areas of low shear rates. J Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 15: 577–84.

Low GDO Saniabadi A Turner A . Studies on haematocrit in peripheral arterial disease. Klin Wochenschr 1986; 64: 969–74.

Hell KM Balzereit A Diebold U Bruhn HD . Importance of blood viscoelasticity in arteriosclerosis. Angiology 1989; 40: 539–46.

Baxter K Wiseman S Powell S Greenhalgh R. Pilot study of a screening test for peripheral arterial disease in middle-aged men: Fibrinogen as a possible risk factor. Cardiovasc Res 1988; 22: 300–302.

Christe M Frischi J Lammle B . Filter coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters in diabetes mellitus and in patients with vasculopathy. Thromb Haemost 1984; 52: 138–43.

Christe M Delley A Marbet GA . Fibrinogen, Factor VIII related antigen, anti-thrombin III and alpha 2-antiplasmin in peripheral arterial disease. Thromb Haemost 1984; 52: 240–42.

Ciuffetti G . The haemorheological role of cellular factors in peripheral vascular disease. Vasa 1988; 17: 168–70.

Meade TW North WRS Chakrabarti R Naines AP Stirling Y. Population-based distribution of haemostatic variables. Br Med Bull 1977; 33: 283–88.

Markowe HLJ Marmot MG Shipley MJ . Fibrinogen: A possible link between social class and coronary heart disease. Br Med J 1985; 291: 1312–14.

Kannel WB D'Agostino RB Belanger AJ . Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: Insights from Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1006–10.

Rosengren A Wilhelmsen L Welin L . Social influences and cardiovascular risk factors as determinants of plasma fibrinogen concentration in a general population sample of middle-aged men. Br Med J 1990; 300: 634–38.

Lee AJ Smith WCS Lowe GDO Tuunstall-Pedoe H. Plasma fibrinogen and coronary risk factors: The Scottish Heart Health Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43: 913–19.

Yarnell JWG Fehily AM Milbank J Rubiki AJ Eastham R Hayes TRM . Determinants of plasma lipoproteins and coagulation factors in men from Caerphilly, South Wales. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1983; 37: 137–40.

Meade TW Imeson J Stirling Y. Effects of changes in smoking and other characteristics on clotting factors and the risk of ischaemic heart disease Lancet 1987; ii: 986–88.

Kannel WB Wolf PA Castelli WP D'Agostino RB . Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Study. JAMA 1987; 258: 1183–86.

Fuller JH Keen H Jarrett RJ . Haemostatic variables associated with diabetes and its complications. Br Med J 1979; 2: 964–66.

Fowkes FGR Connor JM Smith FB . Fibrinogen genotype and risk of peripheral atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 339: 693–96.

Ernst EE Matrai A. Intermittent claudication, exercise and blood rheology. Circulation 1987; 76: 1110–14.

Kallero KS Bergentz SE Lindell SE Janzon L. Elevated haematocrit in patients with intermittent claudication with special regard to men below the age of 60. Bibl Haematol 1981; 47: 173–84.

Nestel PJ . Fibrinolytic activity of the blood in intermittent claudication. Lancet 1959; ii: 373–74.

Kloczko J Wojtukiewicz M Bielawiec M Zuch A. Alterations of haemostasis parameters with special reference to fibrin stabilisation, factor XIII and fibronectin in patients with obliterative atherosclerosis. Thromb Res 1988; 51: 575–81.

Lowe GDO Renney MM Johnston RV . Increased platelet aggregation in vascular and nonvascular illness: Correlation with plasma fibrinogen and effect of ancrod. Thromb Res 1979; 14: 377–78.

Zahavi J Zahavi M. Enhanced platelet release action, shortened platelet survival time and increased platelet aggregation and plasma thromboxane B2 in chronic obstructive arterial disease. Thromb Haemost 1985; 53: 105–109.

Winocour PD Turner MR Taylor TG Munday KA . Gout and cardiovascular disease (letter). Lancet 1977; i: 959–60.

Greenhalgh RM Laing SP Cole PV Taylor GW . Smoking and arterial reconstruction. Br J Surg 1981; 68: 605–607.

Siitonen O Uusitupa M Pyorala K Voutilainene E Lansimies E. Peripheral arterial disease and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease in newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetics. Acta Med Scand 1986; 220: 205–12.

Herman JB Medalie JH Goldbourt U. Differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between previously known and newly diagnosed adult diabetics. Diabetologia 1977; 13: 229–34.

Cottier C Addler R Vorkauf H . Pressured pattern or Type A behaviour in patients with peripheral arteriovascular disease: Controlled retrospective exploratory study. Psychosom Med 1983; 45: 187–93.

Suls J Sanders GS . Type A behaviour as a general risk factor for physical disorder. J Behav Med 1988; 11: 201–26.

Donnan PT Thomson M. Diet and alcohol. In: Fowkes FGR . Epidemiology of peripheral vascular disease. London: Springer-Verlag, 1991: 207–16.

Criqui MH . The roles of alcohol in the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases. Acta Med Scand 1987; 717 (suppl): 73–85.

Kannel WB Anderson K Wilson PWF . White blood cell count and cardiovascular disease. Insights from the Framingham Study. JAMA 1992: 267: 1253–56.

Salonen JT Nyyssonen K Korpela H . High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in Eastern Finnish men. Circulation 1992; 86: 803–11.

Kannel WB Shurtleff D. The natural history of arteriosclerosis obliterans. Cardiovasc Clin 1971; 3: 37–52.

Rose G McCartney P Reid DD . Self-administration of a questionnaire on chest pain and intermittent claudication. Br J Prev Soc Med 1977; 31: 42–48.

Imparato AM Kim G-E Davidson T Crowley JG . Intermittent claudication: Its natural course. Surgery 1975; 78: 795–99.

Cronenwett JL Warner KG Zelenock GB . Intermittent claudication. Current results of non-operative management. Arch Surg 1984; 119: 430–35.

Begg TB Richards RL . The prognosis of intermittent claudication. Scot Med J 1962; 7: 341–52.

McAllister FF . The fate of patients with intermittent claudication managed non-operatively. Am J Surg 1976; 132: 593–95.

Jelnes R Gaardsting O Jensen Hougard K . Fate in intermittent claudication: Outcome and risk factors. Br Med J 1986; 293: 1137–40.

Bloor K. Natural history of arteriosclerosis of the lower extremities. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1961; 28: 36–52.

O'Riordain DS O'Donnell JA . Realistic expectations for the patient with intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 861–63.

Dormandy J Mahir M Ascady G . Fate of the patient with chronic leg ischaemia. J Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 30: 50–57.

Kannel WB McGee DL . Update on some epidemiological features of intermittent claudication. J Am Geriatri Soc 1985; 33: 13–18.

Widmer LK Biland L. Incidence and course of occlusive peripheral artery disease in geriatric patients. Int Angiol 1985; vmr-4: 289–94.

Juergens JL Barker NW Hines EA . Arteriosclerosis obliterans: Review of 520 cases with special reference to pathogenic and prognostic factors. Circulation 1960; 21: 188–95.

Hughson WG Mann JI Tibbs DJ . Intermittent claudication: Factors determining outcome. Br Med J 1978; 1: 1377–79.

Taylor GW Calo AR . Atherosclerosis of arteries of lower limbs. Br Med J 1962; 1: 507–10.

Hertzer NR . Fatal myocardial infarction following lower extremity revascularization: Two hundred and seventy-three patients followed six to eleven post-operative years. Ann Surg 1981; 193: 492–98.

Hertzer NR Beven EG Young JR . Coronary artery disease in peripheral vascular patients — a classification of 1000 coronary angiograms and results of surgical management. Ann Surg 1984; 199: 223–33.

Turnipseed WD Berkoff HA Belzer FO . Postoperative stroke in cardiac and peripheral vascular disease. Ann Surg 1980; 192: 365–68.

Gilliland EL Llewellyn CD Goss DE Lewis JD . The morbidity and mortality of stable claudicants — results of five year follow-up. Presented at 2nd International Vascular Symposium, London, September 1986.

Kallero KS . Mortality and morbidity in patients with intermittent claudication as defined by venous occlusion plethysmography. A ten year follow-up study. J Chron Dis 1981; 34: 455–62.

Dagenais GR Maurice S Robitaille N-M Gingras S Lupien PJ . Intermittent claudication in Quebec men from 1974–1986: The Quebec cardiovascular study. Clin Invest Med 1991; 14: 93–100.

Criqui MH . Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 381–86.

Silbert S Zazeela H. Prognosis in arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. JAMA 1958; 166: 1816–21.

Kannel WB Skinner JJ Schwartz MJ Shurtleff D. Intermittent claudication: Incidence in the Framingham Study. Circulation 1970; 41: 875–83.