The Vascular Pathophysiology of Pre-Eclampsia

Brosens I Robertson WB Dixon HG . The physiological response to the vessels of the placental bed to normal pregnancy. J Pathol Bacteriol 1967; 93: 569–79.

Robertson WB Khong TY . Pathology of the uteroplacental bed. In: Sharp F Symonds EM eds. Perinatology press. New York: Ithaca House, 1987: 101–13.

Brosens I Dixon HG . The anatomy of the maternal side of the placenta. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1966; 13: 249–54.

Pijnenborg R Dixon HG Robertson WB . Trophoblast invasion of human decidua from 8 to 18 weeks of pregnancy. Placenta 1980; 1: 3–19.

Pijnenborg R Bland JM Robertson WB . The pattern of interstitial trophoblastic invasion of the myometrium in early human pregnancy. Placenta 1981; 2: 303–16.

Pijnenborg R Bland JM Robertson WB . Uteroplacental arterial changes related to interstitial trophoblast migration in early human pregnancy. Placenta 1983; 4: 397–414.

Moll W Kinzel W Hoberger J. Haemodynamic implications of haemochorial placentations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1975; 5: 67–74.

Khong TY de Wolf F Robertson WB . Inadequate maternal vascular response to placentation in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and by small-for-gestational-age infants. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 1049–59.

Brosens I Robertson WB Dixon HG . The role of the spiral arteries in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Ann 1972; 1: 177–91.

Sheppard BL Bonnar J. An ultrastructural study of uteroplacental spiral arteries in hypertensive and normotensive pregnancy and fetal growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88: 695–705.

Gerretsen G Huisjes HJ Elema JD . Morphological changes of the spiral arteries in the placental bed in relation to pre-eclampsia and fetal growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88: 877–81.

Zeek PM Assali NS . Vascular changes with eclamptogenic toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1950; 20: 1099–109.

Sexton LI Hertig AT Reid DE . Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1950; 59: 13–24.

Labarrere CA . Acute atherosis. A histopathological hallmark of immune aggression. Placenta 1988; 9: 95–108.

Hertig AT . Vascular pathology in the hypertensive albuminuric toxaemias of pregnancy. Clinics 1945; 4: 602–13.

de Wolf F Robertson WB Brosens I. The ultrastructure of acute atherosis in hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 123: 164–74.

Shanklin DR Sibai BM . Ultrastructural aspects of pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 735–41.

McFadyen IR Greenhouse P Price AB . The relation between plasma urate and placental bed vascular adaptation to pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 482–87.

de Wolf F Brosens I Renaer M. Fetal growth retardation and the maternal arterial supply of the human placenta in the absence of sustained hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 87: 678–85.

Sheppard BL Bonner J. The ultrastructure of the arterial supply of the human placenta in pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976; 83: 948–59.

Pijnenborg R Anthony J Davey DA . Placental bed spiral arteries in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 648–55.

Fox H. The placenta in pregnancy hypertension. In: Rubin P ed. Handbook of hypertension, volume 10: Hypertension in pregnancy. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988: 16–37.

Pollak VE Nettles JB . The kidney in toxaemia of pregnancy: A clinical and pathologic study based on renal biopsies. Medicine (Baltimore) 1960; 39: 469–526.

Thomson D Paterson WG Smart GE . The renal lesions of toxaemia and abruptio placentae studied by light and electron microscopy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972; 72: 311–20.

Sheehan HL Lynch JB . Pathology of toxaemia of pregnancy. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1973.

Spargo B McCartney CP Winemiller R. Glomerular capillary endotheliosis in toxaemia of pregnancy. Arch Pathol 1959; 68: 593–99.

Fox H. Histopathology of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. In: Sharp F Symonds EM eds. Perinatology press. New York: Ithaca House, 1987: 119–30.

Robson JS . Proteinuria and the renal lesion of pre-eclampsia and abruptio placenta. In: Lindheimer MD Katz AI eds. Hypertension in pregnancy. New York: Wiley, 976: 61–73.

Lindheimer MD Katz AI . The kidney in pregnancy. In: Brenner BM Rector FC eds. The kidney. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1986: 1253–95.

Chesley LC . Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1978.

Butler NR Bonham DG eds. Perinatal mortality. Edinburgh: ES Livingstone, 1963: 86–100.

Naeye RL Friedman EA . Causes of perinatal death associated with gestational hypertension and proteinuria. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 133: 8–10.

McEwan HP . Investigation of proteinuria in pregnancy by immunoelectrophoresis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1968; 75: 289–94.

McEwan HP . Investigation of proteinuria associated with hypertension in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1969; 76: 809–12.

MacLean PR Paterson WG Smart GE . Proteinuria in toxaemia and abruptio placentae. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972; 79: 321–26.

MacGillivray I. Pre-eclampsia. The hypertensive disease of pregnancy. London: WB Saunders, 1983.

Borglin NE . Serum glutamic-oxalecetic transaminase (SGO-T) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGP-T) in toxaemia of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol 1959; 19: 425–31.

Theisen R Jackson R Morrisey J . Serum enzymes in normal and toxemic pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1961; 17: 183.

Romero R Vizoso J Emamian M . Clinical significance of liver dysfunction in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am J Perinatal 1988; 5: 156–51.

Lopez-Llera M Linores GR Horta JLH . Maternal mortality rates in pre-eclampsia. Am] Obstet Gynecol 1976; 124: 149–55.

Hibbard LT . Maternal mortality due to acute toxaemia. Obstet Gynecol 1973; 42: 263–70.

Naheedy MH Biller J Schiffer M . Toxemia of pregnancy: Cerebral findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1985; 9: 497.

Richards A Graham D Bullock R. Clinicopathological study of neurological complications due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 416–21.

Gallery ED Hunyor SN Gyory AZ . Plasma volume contraction: A significant factor in both pregnancy-associated hypertension and chronic hypertension in pregnancy. QJ Med 1979; 48: 593.

Wallenburg HCS . Hemodynamics in hypertensive pregnancy. In: Rubin P ed. Hypertension in pregnancy. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988: 66–101.

Weir RJ Fraser R Lever AF . Plasma renin, renin substrate, angiotensin II and aldosterone in hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Lancet 1973; i: 291–95.

Skinner SL Lumbars ER Symonds EM . Analysis of charge in the renin-angiotensin system during pregnancy. Clin Sci 1972; 42: 479.

Oats JN Broughton-Pipkin F Symonds EM . A prosepctive study of plasma angiotensin convertin enzyme in normotensive primigravidae and their infants. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88: 1204.

Jadoul FAC Broughton-Pipkin F Lamming GD . Changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normotensive primigravidae in the four days after normal spontaneous delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982; 89: 633–37.

Symonds EM Stanley MA Skinner SL . Production of renin by in vitro cultures of human chorion and uterine muscle. Nature 1968; 217: 1152–53.

Poisner AM Wood GW Poisner R . Localisation of renin in trophoblasts in human chorion laeve at term pregnancy. Endocrinology 1981; 109: 1150.

Warren AY Craven DJ Symonds EM . Production of active and inactive renin by cultured explants from the human female genital tract. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982; 89: 628.

Johnson J Johnson IR Ronan JE . The site of renin in the human uterus. Histopathology 1984; 8: 273.

Acker GM Galen FX Devauz C . Human chorionic cells in primary culture: A model for renin biosynthesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55: 902–909.

Abdul-Karim RE Assali NS . Pressor response to angiotonin in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961; 82: 246.

Talledo OE Chesley LC Zuspan FP . Renin angiotensin system in normal and toxaemic pregnancies. III: Differential sensitivity to angiotensin II and norepinephrine in toxaemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968; 100: 2218–21.

Gant NF Daley S Whalley PJ . A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravid pregnancy. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 2682–89.

Everett RB Worley RJ Macdonald PC . Modification of vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II in pregnant women by intravenously infused 5-dihydro-progesterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 131: 352–57.

Chesley LC Tepper IH . Effects of progesterone and estrogen on the sensitivity to angiotensin II. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1967; 27: 576–81.

Gimbrone MA Alexander RW . Angiotensin II stimulation of prostaglandin production in cultured human vascular endothelium. Science 1975; 189: 219–20.

Bjoro K. Effects of angiotensin I and II and their interactions with some prostanoids in perfused human umbilical arteries. Prostaglandins 1985; 30: 989–98.

Jaspers WJM De John PA Mulder AW . Angiotensin II sensitivity and prostaglandin synthetase inhibition in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1981; 11: 379.

Broughton-Pipkin F Hunter JC Turner SR . Prostaglandin E₂ attenuates the pressor response to angiotensin II in pregnant, but not non-pregnant, humans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142: 168.

Broughton-Pipkin F Morrison R O'Brien PMS . Effects of prostacyclin on the pressor response to angiotensin II in human pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest 1984; 14: 3.

Franklin GO Dowd AJ Caldwell BV . The effects of angiotensin II intravenous infusion on plasma renin and prostaglandins A, E and F levels in the uterine vein of the pregnant monkey. Prostaglandins 1974; 6: 271–78.

Speroff L Hanin RV Levin RM . The effects of angiotensin II and indomethacin on uterine artery blood flow in pregnant monkeys. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 50: 611.

Ferris TF Weir EK . Effect of captopril on uterine blood flow and prostaglandin E synthesis in the pregnant rabbit. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 809–15.

Gallery EDM Stokes GS Gyory AZ . Plasma renin activity in normal human pregnancy and in pregnancy-associated hypertension, with reference to cryoactivation. Clin Sci 1980; 59: 49.

Fievet P Pleskov L Desailly E . Plasma renin activity, blood uric acid and plasma volume in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Nephron 1985; 40: 429.

Symonds EM Broughton-Pipkin F Craven DJ . Changes in the renin-angiotensin system in primigravidae with hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975; 82: 643.

Symonds EM Broughton-Pipkin F. Pregnancy hypertension, parity and the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 132: 473.

Karlberg BE Ryden G Wichman K. Changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kallikreinkinin systems during normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1984; 118: 17.

Baker PN Broughton-Pipkin F Symonds EM . Platelet angiotensin II binding sites in hypertension in pregnancy. Lancet 1989; ii: 1151.

Aalkjaer C Johannesen P Pedersen EB . Morphology and angiotensin II responsiveness of isolated resistance vessels from patients with pre-eclampsia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1984; 44 (suppl 169): 57.

Bjoro K Stokke KT Stray-Pederson S. Fetal angiotensin induced prostanoid production is altered in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 1987; B6: 86.

Broughton-Pipkin F Symonds EM . Prostaglandins and pregnancy-induced hypertension. In: Bydgeman M Berger G Keith L eds. Prostaglandins and their inhibitors in clinical obstetrics and gynaecology. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1986: 337.

Aiken JW Vane JR . Intrarenal prostaglandin release attenuates the renal vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1973; 184: 678–87.

Abitol MM Ober WB Gallo GR . Experimental toxaemia of pregnancy in the monkey, with a preliminary report on renin and aldosterone. Am J Pathol 1977; 86: 573–80.

Franklin GO Dowd AJ Caldwell BV . The effects of angiotensin II intravenous infusion on plasma renin and prostaglandins A, E and F levels in the uterine vein of the pregnant monkey. Prostaglandins 1974; 6: 271–78.

Davies JA Prentice CRM . Coagulation changes in pregnancy-induced hypertension and growth retardation. In: Greer IA Turpie AGG Forbes CD eds. Haemostasis and thrombosis in obstetrics and gynaecology. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992: 143–62.

Greer IA . Pathological processes in pregnancy-induced hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation: ‘an excess of heated blood; In: Greer IA Turpie AGG Forbes CD eds. Haemostasis and thrombosis in obstetrics and gynaecology. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992: 163–192.

Douglas JT Shah M Lowe GDO . Plasma fibrinopeptide A and beta-thromboglobulin in pre-eclampsia and pregnancy hypertension. Thromb Haemost 1982; 47: 54–55.

Howie P Prentice CRM McNicol GP . Coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function in pre-eclampsia, essential hypertension and placental insufficiency. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1971; 78: 992–1003.

Howie PW Begg CB Purdie DW Prentice CRM . Use of coagulation tests to predict the clinical progress of pre-eclampsia. Lancet 1976; ii: 323–25.

Redman CWG Denson KWE Beilin LJ Bolton FG Stirrat GM . Factor VIII consumption in pre-eclampsia. Lancet 1977; ii: 1249–52.

Condie RG . A serial study of coagulation factors XII, XXI and X in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976; 83: 636–39.

Weiner CP Brandt J. Plasma antithrombin III activity in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1980; 56: 601–603.

Weiner CP Brandt J. Plasma antithrombin III activity: An aid in the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142: 275–81.

Aznar J Gilabert J Estelles A Espana F. Fibrinolytic activity and protein C in pre-eclampsia. Thromb Haemost 1986; 55: 314–17.

Edgar W McKillop C Howie PW Prentice CRM . Composition of soluble fibrin complexes in pre-eclampsia. Thromb Res 1977; 10: 567–74.

Estelles A Gilabert J Espana F Aznar J Gomez-Lechon MJ . Fibrinolysis in pre-eclampsia. Fibrinolysis 1987; 1: 209–14.

de Boer K Lecander I ten Cate JW Borm JJJ Treffers PE . Placental type plasminogen activator inhibitor in pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 518–22.

Spencer JAD Smith MJ Cederholm-Williams SSA Wilkinson AR . Influence of pre-eclampsia on concentrations of haemostatic factors in mothers and infants. Arch Dis Child 1983; 58: 739–41.

Oian P Omsjo I Maltau JM Osterud B. Increased sensitivity to thromboplastin synthesis in blood monocytes from pre-eclamptic patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92: 511–17.

Redman CWG Bonnar J Beilin LJ . Early platelet consumption in pre-eclampsia. Br Med J 1978; 1: 467–69.

Rakoczi I Tallian F Bagdany S . Platelet life-span in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia as determined by a non-radioisotope technique. Thromb Res 1979; 15: 553–56.

Redman CWG Allington MJ Bolton FG Stirrat GM . Plasma b thromboglobulin in pre-eclampsia. Lancet 1977; i: 248.

Socol ML Weiner CP Louis G Rehnberg K Rossi EC . Platelet activation in pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151: 494–97.

Howie PW . The haemostatic mechanisms of pre-eclampsia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1977; 4: 595–609.

Ahmed Y Sullivan MHF Elder MG . Detection of platelet desensitization in pregnancy-induced hypertension is dependent on the agonist used. Thromb Haemost 1991; 65: 474–77.

Greer IA Walker JJ Forbes CD Calder AA . Platelet function in pregnancy induced hypertension following treatment with labetalol and low dose aspirin. Thromb Haemost 1987; 46: 667–712.

Wallenburg HCS Rotmans N. Enhanced reactivity of the platelet thromboxane pathway in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies with insufficient fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144: 523–28.

Greer IA Calder AA Walker JJ Lunan CB Tulloch I. Increased platelet reactivity in pregnancy-induced hypertension and uncomplicated diabetic pregnancy: An induction for anteplatelet therapy? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 5: 1204–208.

Louden KA Broughton-Pipkin F Heptinstall S Fox SC Mitchell JRA Symonds EM . Platelet reactivity and serum thromboxane B₂ production in whole blood in gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 1239–44.

Beaufils M Uzan S Donsimoni R Colau JC . Prevention of pre-eclampsia by early anti-platelet therapy. Lancet 1985; i: 840–42.

Wallenburg HCS Dekker GA Makovitz JW Rotmans P. Low dose aspirin prevents pregnancy induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia in angiotensin-sensitive primigravidae. Lancet 1986; i: 1–3.

Bussolino F Benedetto C Massobrio M Comussi G. Maternal vascular prostacyclin activity in pre-eclampsia [Letter]. Lancet 1980; ii: 702.

Moodley J Norman RJ Reddi K. Central venous concentrations of immunoreactive prostaglandins E, F and 6-keto-prostaglandin F₁ in eclampsia. Br Med J 1984; 288: 1487–89.

Goodman RP Killam AP Brash AR Branch RA . Prostacyclin production during pregnancy: Comparison of production during normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142: 817–22.

Greer IA . The effect of anti-hypertensive agents on platelets, prostacyclin and thromboxane and observations on prostacyclin and thromboxane in normal and hypertensive pregnancy [Thesis]. University of Glasgow, 1985.

Greer IA Walker JJ Cameron AD McLaren M Calder AA Forbes CD . A prospective longitudinal study of immunoreactive prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites in normal and hypertensive pregnancies. Clin Exp Hypertens 1985; 4: 167–82.

Walsh SW . Pre-eclampsia: An imbalance in placental prostacyclin and thromboxane production. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152: 335–40.

Walsh SE Wang Y Maynard EL Jesse RL . Low dose aspirin inhibits abnormally increased levels of both thromboxane and lipid peroxides in pre-eclamptic placentas. Society of Gynaecological Investigators, 39th Annual Meeting, San Antonio, 1992: Abstract no. 172

Remuzzi G Misiani R Muratore D . Prostacyclin and human foetal circulation. Prostaglandins 1979; 18: 341–48.

Downing I Shepherd GL Lewis PJ . Reduced prostacyclin production in pre-eclampsia [Letter]. Lancet 1980; ii: 1374.

Walsh SW Behr MJ Allen NH . Placental prostacyclin production in normal and toxemic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151: 110–15.

McLaren M Greer IA Walker JJ . Umbilical artery perfusion: A method to measure prostacyclin production in vitro. Prog Lipid Res 1986; 25: 311–15.

McLaren M Greer IA Walker JJ Forbes CD . Reduced prostacyclin production by umbilical arteries from pregnancy complicated by severe pregnancy induced hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 1987; B6. 365–74.

Tuvemo T. Role of prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxanes in the control of the umbilicalplacental circulation. Semin Perinatal 1980; 4: 91–95.

Greer IA Leask R Hodson BA . Endothelin, elastase and endothelial dysfunction in pre-eclampsia. Lancet 1991; i: 558.

Nova A Sibai BM Barton JR Mercer BM Mitchell MD . Maternal plasma level of endothelin is increased in pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 65: 724–27.

Harlan JD . Neutrophil-mediated vascular injury. Acta Med Scand 1987; 715 (suppl): 123–29.

Bray MA . The pharmacology and pathophysiology of leukotriene B4. Br Med Bull 1983; 39: 249–54.

Greer IA Haddad NG Dawes J . Neutrophil activation in pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 978–82.

Greer IA Dawes J Johnston TA Calder AA . Neutrophil activation is confined to the maternal circulation in pregnancy induced hypertension. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 28–32.

Butterworth B Greer IA Liston WA . Immunocytochemical localization of neutrophil elastase in term placenta decidua and myometrium in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 929–33.

Miller DK Sandowski S Soderman DD . Endothelial cell prostacyclin production induced by activated neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 1006–14.

Ager A Gordon JL . Differential effects of hydrogen peroxide on indices of endothelial cell function. J Exp Med 1984; 159: 592–603.

Pologe LG Cramer EV Pawlowski NA . Stimulation of human endothelial cell prostacyclin synthesis by select leukotrienes. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 1043–53.

Warso MA Lands WEM . Lipid peroxidation in relation to prostacyclin and thromboxane physiology and pathophysiology. Br Med Bull 1983; 39: 277–80.

Greer IA Haddad NG Dawes J . Increased neutrophil activation in diabetic pregnancy and non-pregnant diabetic women. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 878–81.

Johnston TA Greer IA Dawes J Calder AA . Neutrophil activation in small for gestational age pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 104–105.

Rodgers GM Taylor RN Roberts JM . Pre-eclampsia is associated with a serum factor cytotoxic to human endothelial cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 59: 908–14.

Tulenko T Schneider J Floro C . The in vitro effect on arterial wall function of serum from patients with pregnancy induced hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 817–23.

Greer IA Belch JJF . Prostacyclin pregnancy-induced hypertension, Raynaud's phenomenon and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. In: Williams EB ed. Current clinical concepts: Prostacyclin past, present and future. Kent: MCS, 1986: 37–45.

Belch JJF Thorburn J Greer IA . Intravenous prostacyclin in the management of pregnancies complicated by severe hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 1985; B4: 75–86.

Greer IA Walker JJ Forbes CD . The low dose aspirin controversy solved at last? Br Med J 1986; 391: 1277–78.

Heavey DG Barrow SE Hickling NE . Aspirin causes short-lived inhibitino of bradykininstimulated prostacyclin production in man. Nature 1985; 318: 186–88.

Sinzinger H Virgolini I Peskar BA . Response of thromboxane B₂, malondialdehyde and platelet sensitivity to 3 weeks low dose aspirin in healthy volunteers. Thromb Res 1989; 53: 261–69.

Fitzgerald GA Oats JA Hawiger J . Endogenous biosynthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane and platelet function during chronic administration of aspirin in man. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 676–88.

Fitzgerald DJ Mayo G Catella F . Increased thromboxane biosynthesis in normal pregnancy is mainly derived from platelets. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 325–30.

Stuart MJ Gross SJ Elrad H . Effects of acetylsalicylic acid ingestion on maternal and neonatal hemostasis. N Engl J Med 1982: 307: 909–12.

Ritter JM Farquar D Rodin A . Low dose aspirin treatment in late pregnancy differentially inhibits cyclo-oxygenase in maternal platelets. Prostaglandins 1987; 34: 717–22.

Greer IA Johnston TA Calder AA . Maternal and neonatal platelet function in normal and growth retarded pregnancies. Br J Haematol 1991; 77 (suppl 1): 78.

Louden KA Heptinstall S Broughton-Pipkin F . The effect of low dose aspirin on platelet reactivity in pregnancy, PIH and neonates. Clin Exp Hypertens 1989; 88: 398.

Sibai BM Mirro R Chesney CM . Low dose aspirin in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 551–57.

Schiff E Peleg E Goldenberg M . The use of aspirin to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension and lower the ratio of thromboxane A₂ to prostacyclin in relatively high pregnancies. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 351–56.

Gant NF Chand S Worley RJ . A clinical test useful for predicting the development of acute hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 120: 1–7.

Phelen JP Everidge GJ Wilder TL . Is the supine pressor test an adequate means of predicting acute hypertension in pregnancy? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 128: 173–76.

Benigni A Gregorini G Frusca T . Effect of low dose aspirin on fetal and maternal generation of thromboxane by platelets in women at risk for pregnancy induced hypertension. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 357–62.

Van Assche FA Spitz B. Thromboxane synthetase inhibition in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 1015–16.

Van Assche FA Spitz B Vermylen J . Preliminary observations on treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension with a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 148: 216–18.

Greer IA Walker JJ McLaren M . A comparative study of the effects of adrenoceptor antagonists on platelet aggregation and thromboxane generation. Thromb Hemost 1985; 54: 480–84.

Greer IA Walker JJ Calder AA . Inhibition of platelet aggregation in whole blood by adrenoceptor antagonists. Thromb Res 1985; 40: 631–43.

Greer IA Walker JJ McLaren M . Inhibition of thromboxane and prostacyclin production in whole blood by adrenoceptor antagonists. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1985; 19: 209–17.

Greer IA McLaren M Forbes CD . Synergistic inhibitory effects of adrenoceptor antagonists and prostacyclin and umbilical artery derived prostacyclin like activity on platelet aggregation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1990; 35: 109–18.

Greer IA Walker JJ Calder AA . Influence of treatment on platelet consumption and thromboxane in pregnancy induced hypertension. Arch Gynecol 1985; 237: 109.

Greer IA Walker JJ Forbes CD . Platelet function in pregnancy induced hypertension following treatment with labetalol and low dose aspirin. Thromb Res 1987; 46: 667–72.

Sibai BM Gonzalez AR Mabie WC . A comparison of labetalol plus hospitalisation alone in the management of pre-eclampsia remote from term. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 323–27.

Greer IA Walker JJ McLaren M . Inhibition of whole blood platelet aggregation by nicardipine and synergism with prostacyclin in vitro. Thromb Res 1986; 41: 509–51.

Greer IA . Platelet function and calcium channel blocking agents. J Clin Pharm Ther 1987; 12: 213–22.

Rubin PC Butters L McCabe R. Nifedipine and platelets in pre-eclampsia. Am J Hypertens 1988; 1: 175–77.

Greer IA Walker JJ Bjornsson S . Second line therapy with nifedipine in severe pregnancy induced hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 1989; B8: 277–92.

Greer IA Walker JJ McLaren M . The effect of endralazine and hydralazine on platelet thromboxane production in vitro. Clin Exp Hypertens 1988; B6: 375–86.

Greer IA Walker JJ Calder AA . Aspirin with an adrenergic or a calcium channel blocking agent as new combination therapy for arterial thrombosis. Lancet 1985; i: 351–52.