HirschATHaskalZJHertzerNR. ACC/AHA 2005 practice guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary: a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). Circulation. 2006;113:1474–547.
3.
NorgrenLHiattWRDormandyJA. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33Suppl 1:S1–75.
4.
HirschATHaskalZJHertzerNR. ACC/AHA 2005 practice guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). Circulation. 2006;113:e463–654.
5.
WheatleyKIvesNGrayR. Revascularization versus medical therapy for renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1953–62.
6.
CooperCJMurphyTPMatsumotoA. Stent revascularization for the prevention of cardiovascular and renal events among patients with renal artery stenosis and systolic hypertension: rationale and design of the CORAL trial. Am Heart J. 2006;152:59–66.
7.
AlhadadAMattiassonIIvancevK. Revascularisation of renal artery stenosis caused by fibromuscular dysplasia: effects on blood pressure during 7-year follow-up are influenced by duration of hypertension and branch artery stenosis. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19:761–7.
8.
ModrallJGRoseroEBSmithST. Operative mortality for renal artery bypass in the United States: results from the National Inpatient Sample. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:317–22.
9.
CriquiMHDenenbergJOBirdCE. The correlation between symptoms and non-invasive test results in patients referred for peripheral arterial disease testing. Vasc Med. 1996;1:65–71.
10.
HirschATCriquiMHTreat-JacobsonD. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA. 2001;286:1317–24.
11.
DiehmCAllenbergJRPittrowD. Mortality and vascular morbidity in older adults with asymptomatic versus symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2009;120:2053–61.
12.
FowkesFG. The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17:248–54.
13.
FeigelsonHSCriquiMHFronekA. Screening for peripheral arterial disease: the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of noninvasive tests in a defined population. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140:526–34.
14.
NassouraZEIvaturyRRSimonRJ. A reassessment of Doppler pressure indices in the detection of arterial lesions inproximity penetrating injuries of extremities: a prospective study. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14:151–6.
15.
CarterSA. Clinical measurement of systolic pressures in limbs with arterial occlusive disease. JAMA. 1969;207:1869–74.
16.
CarterSATateRB. Value of toe pulse waves in addition to systolic pressures in the assessment of the severity of peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 1996;24:258–65.
17.
CarterSATateRB. The value of toe pulse waves in determination of risks for limb amputation and death in patients with peripheral arterial disease and skin ulcers or gangrene. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33:708–14.
18.
BrooksBDeanRPatelS. TBI or not TBI: that is the question: is it better to measure toe pressure than ankle pressure in diabetic patients?Diabet Med. 2001;18:528–32.
19.
RamseyDEMankeDASumnerDS. Toe blood pressure: a valuable adjunct to ankle pressure measurement for assessing peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1983;24:43–8.
20.
BelcaroGNicolaidesANBullML. The value of segmental pressure measurement in the assessment of peripheral vascular disease. Int Angiol. 1986;5:7–12.
21.
GundersenJ. Segmental measurements of systolic blood pressure in the extremities including the thumb and the great toe. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1972;426:1–90.
22.
JohnstonKWHosangMYAndrewsDF. Reproducibility of noninvasive vascular laboratory measurements of the peripheral circulation. J Vasc Surg. 1987;6:147–51.
23.
KupinskiA. Segmental pressure measurement and plethysmography. J Vasc Technol. 2002;1:32–8.
24.
FowkesFGMurrayGDButcherI. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300:197–208.
25.
NidesMARakosRFGonzalesD. Predictors of initial smoking cessation and relapse through the first 2 years of the Lung Health Study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63:60–9.
26.
MohiuddinSMMoossANHunterCB. Intensive smoking cessation intervention reduces mortality in high-risk smokers with cardiovascular disease. Chest. 2007;131:446–52.
27.
LancasterTSteadLF. Mecamylamine (a nicotine antagonist) for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;CD001009.
28.
RothemichSFWoolfSHJohnsonRE. Effect on cessation counseling of documenting smoking status as a routine vital sign: an ACORN study. Ann Fam Med. 2008;6:60–8.
29.
HennrikusDJosephALandoH. Effectiveness of a smoking cessation program for peripheral artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. JACC. 2010;25:2105–12.
30.
GonzalesDRennardSINidesM. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:47–55.
31.
JorenbyDEHaysJTRigottiNA. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:56–63.
32.
NidesMOnckenCGonzalesD. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1561–8.
33.
JorenbyDELeischowSJNidesMA. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:685–91.
34.
FaulknerKWHouseAKCastledenWM. The effect of cessation of smoking on the accumulative survival rates of patients with symptomatic peripheral vascular disease. Med J Aust. 1983;1:217–9.
35.
JonasonTBergstromR. Cessation of smoking in patients with intermittent claudication: effects on the risk of peripheral vascular complications, myocardial infarction and mortality. Acta Med Scand. 1987;221:253–60.
36.
LassilaRLepantaloM. Cigarette smoking and the outcome after lower limb arterial surgery. Acta Chir Scand. 1988;154:635–40.
37.
QuickCRCottonLT. The measured effect of stopping smoking on intermittent claudication. Br J Surg. 1982;69Suppl:S24–6.
38.
GardnerAW. The effect of cigarette smoking on exercise capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. Vasc Med. 1996;1:181–6.
39.
LawMTangJL. An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1933–41.
40.
WestRBakerCLCappelleriJC. Effect of varenicline and bupropion SR on craving, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and rewarding effects of smoking during a quit attempt. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;197:371–7.
41.
KnightCHowardPBakerCL. The cost-effectiveness of an extended course (12+12 weeks) of varenicline compared with other available smoking cessation strategies in the United States: an extension and update to the BENESCO model. Value Health. 2010;13:209–14.
42.
OlinJW. Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease). N Engl J Med. 2000;343:864–9.
43.
CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–39.
44.
Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients [published correction appears in BMJ. 2002;324:141]. BMJ. 2002;324:71–86.
45.
CatalanoMBornGPetoR. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. J Intern Med. 2007;261:276–84.
46.
BelchJMacCuishACampbellI. The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ. 2008;337:a1840.
47.
FowkesFGPriceJFStewartMC. Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303:841–8.
48.
BhattDLFoxKAHackeW. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1706–17.
49.
CacoubPPBhattDLStegPG. Patients with peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:192–201.
50.
AnandSYusufSXieC. Oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:217–27.
51.
BergerJSKrantzMJKittelsonJM. Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2009;301:1909–19.
52.
BhattDLFlatherMDHackeW. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1982–8.
53.
BernsteinEFRhodesGAStuartSH. Toe pulse reappearance time in prediction of aortofemoral bypass success. Ann Surg. 1981;193:201–5.
54.
BradburyAWAdamDJBellJ. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: an intention-to-treat analysis of amputation-free and overall survival in patients randomized to a bypass surgery-first or a balloon angioplasty-first revascularization strategy. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51:5S–17S.
55.
AdamDJBeardJDClevelandT. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1925–34.
56.
GreenhalghRMBrownLCPowellJT. Endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1863–71.
57.
BlankensteijnJDde JongSEPrinssenM. Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2398–405.
58.
De BruinJLBaasAFButhJ. Long-term outcome of open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1881–9.
59.
GreenhalghRMBrownLCPowellJT. Endovascular repair of aortic aneurysm in patients physically ineligible for open repair. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1872–80.
60.
LederleFAFreischlagJAKyriakidesTC. Outcomes following endovascular vs open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;302:1535–42.
61.
BrownLCEpsteinDMancaA. The UK Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) trials: design, methodology and progress. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;27:372–81.
62.
SchanzerAHeveloneNOwensCD. Statins are independently associated with reduced mortality in patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass graft surgery for critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:774–81.
63.
ConteMSBandykDFClowesAW. Results of PREVENT III: a multicenter, randomized trial of edifoligide for the prevention of vein graft failure in lower extremity bypass surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:742–51.
64.
DiehmCSchusterAAllenbergJR. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and co-morbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis. 2004;172:95–105.
65.
HennrikusDJosephAMLandoHA. Effectiveness of a smoking cessation program for peripheral artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:2105–12.
66.
BhattDLTopolEJ. Clopidogrel added to aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention and high-risk primary prevention: rationale and design of the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial. Am Heart J. 2004;148:263–8.