Schroll M., Munock O.Estimation of peripheral arteriosclerotic disease by ankle blood pressure measurements in a population study of 60 year old men and women. J Chron Dis1981; 34: 261-69.
2.
Kannel WD, Shurtleff D.The Framingham Study. Cigarettes and the development of intermittent claudication . Geriatrics1973; 28: 61-68.
3.
Hughson WG, Mann JI, Tibbs DJ, Woods HF, Walton I.Intermittent claudication: factors determining outcome. Br Med J1978; 1: 377-79.
4.
Kannel WB, McGee DLUpdate on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham Study. J Am Geriatr Soc1985; 33: 13-28.
5.
Schadt DC, Hines EA Jr, Juergens JL et al. Chronic atherosclerotic occlusion of the femoral artery. JAMA1961; 175: 937.
6.
Imparato AM, Kim G., Davidson T. et al. Intermittent claudication: its natural course. Surgery1975; 78: 795.
7.
Juergens JL, Barker NW, Hines EA Jr. Arteriosclerosis obliterans: review of 520 cases with special reference to pathogenic and prognostic factors. Circulation1960; 21: 188.
8.
Olin JW, Young JR, Graor RAThe changing spectrum of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Circulation1989; 80 (suppl 11): 11-226.
9.
Kannel WB, Skinner JJ Jr, Schwartz MJ, Shurtleff D.Intermittent claudication. Incidence in the Framingham Study. Circulation1970; 41: 875.
10.
Hertzer NR, Beven EG, Young JR et al. Coronary artery disease in peripheral vascular patients. Ann Surg1984; 199: 223-33.
11.
Quill DS, Colgan MP, Sumner DSUltrasonic screening for the detection of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surg Clin North Am1989; 69: 713-20.
12.
Lederie FA, Walker JM, Reinke DBSelective screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms with physical examination and ultrasound. Arch Intern Med1988; 148: 1753-56.
Vermilion BD , Kimmins SA, Pace WG, Evans WEA review of one hundred forty-seven popliteal aneurysms with long-term follow-up. Surgery1981; 90: 1009-14.
WoodBurne RTIn: Essentials of human anatomy, fifth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1975: 573.
17.
Weis AV, Fairbairn JF II. Trauma, ischemic limbs, and amputation. Postgrad Med1968; 43: 111.
18.
Larsen OA, Lassen NAEffect of daily muscular exercise in patients with intermittent claudication . Lancet1966; ii: 1093-96.
19.
Ericsson B. , Haeger K., Lindell SEEffect of training on intermittent claudication . Angiology1970; 21: 188-92.
20.
Ernst EE, Matrai A.Intermittent claudication, exercise, and blood rheology. Circulation1987; 76: 1110-14.
21.
Mannarino E. , Pasqualini L., Menna M., Marogoni G., Orland U.Effect of physical training on peripheral vascular disease: a controlled study. Angiography1989; 40: 5-10.
22.
Radack K., Wyderski RJConservative management of intermittent claudication. Ann Intern Med1990; 113: 135-46.
23.
Dahilof AG, Bjorntorp P., Holm J., Schersten T.Metabolic activity of skeletal muscle in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Eur J Clin Invest1974; 4: 9-15.
24.
Myers KA, King RB, Scott DF, Johnson N., Morris PJThe effect of smoking on the late patency of arterial reconstruction in the legs. Br J Surg1978; 65: 267-71.
25.
Juergens J., Barker H., Hines E.Atherosclerosis obliterans. Review of 520 cases with special reference to pathogenic and prognostic factors. Circulation1960; 21: 188-95.
26.
Cronenwett JL , Warner KG, Zelnock GM et al. Intermittent claudication. Current results of nonoperative management. Arch Surg1984; 119: 430-36.
27.
Jonason T., Ringqvist I.Factors of prognostic importance for subsequent rest pain in patients with intermittent claudication. Acta Med Scand1985; 218: 27-33.
28.
Tonnessen P. , Fryd V., Hansen M. et al. Effect of nicotine chewing gum in combination with group counseling on the cessation of smoking. N Engl J Med1988; 318: 15-18.
29.
Sutton S., Hallett R.Randomized trial of brief individual treatment for smoking using nicotine chewing gum in a workplace setting. Am J Public Health1987; 77: 1210-11.
30.
Oster G., Huse DM, Delea TE et al. Cost-effectiveness of nicotine gum as an adjunct to physician's advice against cigarette smoking. JAMA1986 ; 256: 1315-18.
31.
Verbeuren TH , Jordaens FH, Zonnekeyn LL, VanHove GE, Coene MC, Herman AG. Effect of hypercholesterolemia on vascular reactivity in the rabbit. Circ Res1986; 58: 552-64.
32.
Yamamoto H. , Bossaller C., Cartwright J Jr, Henry PDVideomicroscopic demonstration of defective cholinergic arteriolar vasodilation in atherosclerotic rabbit. J Clin Invest1988; 81: 1752-58.
33.
Shimokawa H., Kim P., Vanhoutte PMEndothelium-dependent relaxation to aggregating platelets in isolated basilar arteries of control and hypercholesterolemic monkeys. Circ Res1988; 63: 604-12.
34.
Osborne JA, Siegman MJ, Sedar AW, Mooers SU, Efer AMLack of endothelium-dependent relaxation in coronary resistance arteries of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Am J Physiol1989 ; 256 (Cell Physiol25): C591-597.
Cohen RA, Zitnay KM, Haudenschild CC, Cunningham LDLoss of selective endothelial cells vasoactive functions in pig coronary arteries caused by hypercholesterolemia. Circ Res1988 ; 63: 903-10.
37.
Girerd XJ, Hirsch AT, Cooke JP, Creager MAL-arginine augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ Res (in press).
38.
Moncada S., Herman AG, Higgs EA, Vane JRDifferential formation of prostacyclin (PGX or PGI2) by layers of the arterial wall. An explanation for the anti-thrombotic properties of vascular endothelium . Thromb Res1977; 11: 323-44.
39.
Furchgott RF , Zawadzki JVThe obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature1980; 288: 373-76.
Garg UC, Hassid A.Nitric oxide generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest1989; 823: 1774-77.
42.
D'Angelo V. , Villa S., Mysliwiec M., Donati MB, de Gaetano G.Defective fibrinolytic and prostacyclin-like activity in human atheromatous plaques. Thromb Haemost1978; 39: 535-36.
43.
Osborne JA, Lento PH, Siegfried MR, Stahl GL, Fusman B., Lefer AMCardiovascular effects of acute hypercholesterolemia in rabbits: reversal with lovastatin treatment. J Clin Invest1989 ; 83: 465-73.
44.
Harrison DG , Armstrong ML, Freiman PC, Heistad DDRestoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation by dietary treatment of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest1987; 80: 1808-11.
45.
Blankenhorn DH, Brooks SH, Selzer RH et al. The rate of atherosclerosis change during treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation1978; 57: 355.
46.
Levy RI, Quarfort SH, Brown WV et al. The efficacy of clofibrate (CPIB) in familial hyperlipoproteinemia . In: Holmes WL, Carlso CA, Paoletti R eds. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, volume 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1969: 377.
47.
Zelis R., Mason DT, Braunwald E. et al. Effects of hyperlipoproteinemias and their treatment on the peripheral circulation. J Clin Invest1970 ; 49: 1007.
48.
Ost CR, Stenson S.Regression of peripheral atherosclerosis during therapy with high doses of nicotinic acid. Scand J Clin Lab Invest1967 ; 93: 241.
49.
Knight L., Scheibel R., Amplatz K. et al. Radiographic appraisal of the Minnesota partial ileal by-pass study. Surg Forum1972; 23: 141.
50.
Lipid Research Clinics Program.The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA1984; 251: 351-64.
51.
Lipid Research Clinics Program.The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA1984; 251: 365-74.
52.
Kromhout D. , Bosschieter EB, de Lezenne Coulander C.The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease . N Engl J Med1985; 312: 1205-1209.
53.
Nelson AMDiet therapy in coronary disease: effect on mortality of high-protein, high-seafood, fat-controlled diet. Geriatrics1972; 27 (12): 103-16.
54.
Bang HO, Dyerberg J.Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Greenlandic west coast Eskimos. Acta Med Scand1972; 192: 85-94.
55.
Dyerberg J., Bang HOHaemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet1979; ii: 433-35.
56.
Philipson BE, Rothrock DW, Conner WE, Harris WJ, Illingworth DRReduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med1985; 312: 1210-16.
57.
Knapp HR, Reilly Iag, Alessandrini P., Fitzgerald GAIn Vivo indexes of platelet and vascular function during fish-oil administration in patients with atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med1986; 314: 937-42.
58.
Shimokawa H. , Vanhoutte PMDietary cod-liver oil improves endothelium-dependent responses in hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic prone coronary arteries . Circulation1988; 78: 1421-30.
59.
Weiner BH, Ockene IS, Levine PH et al. Inhibition of atherosclerosis by cod-liver oil in a hyperlipidemic swine model. N Engl J Med1986; 315: 841-46.
60.
Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents: effect of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 115 through 129 mmHg. JAMA1967; 202: 116-22.
61.
Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents: effect of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg. JAMA1970; 213: 1143-52.
62.
Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group.Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. JAMA1979 ; 242: 2562-71.
63.
Hiatt WR, Stall S., Nies ASEffect of β-adrenergic blockers on the peripheral circulation in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Circulation1985; 72: 1226-31.
64.
Coffman JDVasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease. N Engl J Med1979; 300: 713-17.
65.
Habib JB, Bossaller C., Wells S., Williams C., Morrisett JD, Henry PDPreservation of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbit by treatment with the calcium blocker PN 200110. Circ Res1986; 58: 305-309.
66.
Sugano M., Nakaghima Y., Tasaki H., Fakasugi M., Kuroiwa A., Koide O.Effects of diltiazem on suppression and regression of experimental atherosclerosis. Br JExp Pathol1988; 69: 515-23.
67.
Malone JM, Moore WS, Goldstone J.Life expectancy following aortofemoral arterial grafting. Surgery1977; 81: 551.
68.
DeWeese JA, Rob CGAutogenous venous grafts ten years later. Surgery1977; 82: 775.
69.
Strandness DE Jr, Priest RE, Gibbons GECombined clinical and pathologic study of diabetic and nondiabetic peripheral arterial disease. Diabetes1964; 13: 366.
70.
LoGerfo FW, Coffman JDVascular and microvascular disease of the foot in diabetes. N Engl J Med1984; 311: 1615-19.
71.
Cahill GE Jr, Etzwiler DD, Freinkel N. 'Control' and diabetes. N Engl J Med1976; 294: 1004.
72.
Camerini-Davalos RA, Velasco C., Glasser M., Bloodworth Jmb.Drug-induced reversal of early diabetic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med1983; 309: 1551-56.
73.
Boers Ghj, Smals Agh, Trijbels Fjm et al. Heterozygosity for homocystinuria in premature peripheral and cerebral occlusive arterial disease. N Engl J Med1985; 313: 709-15.
74.
Steering Committee of The Physician's Health Study Research Group.Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing physicians' health study. N Engl J Med1989; 321: 129-35.
75.
Chesebro JH , Fuster V., Elveback LR et al. Effect of dipyridamole and aspirin on late vein graft patency after coronary bypass operations. N Engl J Med1984; 310: 209-14.
76.
FitzGerald GA. Dipyridamole. N Engl J Med1987; 316: 1247-56.
77.
Coffman JD, Mannick JAFailure of vasodilator drugs in arteriosclerosis obliterans. Ann Intern Med1972; 76: 35-59.
78.
Creager MA, Roddy M.The effect of nifedipine on calf blood flow and exercise capacity in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Med Biol (in press).
79.
Janicek MJ, Hollenberg NKResponses to ketanserin in patients with peripheral vascular disease: implications of collateral arterial function. Circulation1988; 78: 11-404.
80.
Prevention of Atherosclerotic Complications with Ketanserin Trial Group. Prevention of atherosclerotic complications: controlled trial of ketanserin. Br Med J1989; 298: 424-30.
81.
PACK Claudication Substudy Investigators.Randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of ketanserin in claudicants: changes in claudication distance and ankle systolic pressure . Circulation1989; 80: 1544-48.
82.
Buckert D., Harwart D.Trials of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxohexyl) xanthine in double-blind tests. Farmaco1976; 31: 264-74.
83.
Schubotz R.Double-blind trial of pentoxifylline in diabetics with peripheral vascular disorders. Pharmatherapeutica1976; 1: 172-79.
84.
Angelkort B.Influence of pentoxifylline on microcirculation poststenotic blood pressure and walking capacity in patients with chronic occlusive arterial disease. IRCS Med Sci1977 ; 5: 370-74.
85.
Bollinger A. , Frei C.Double-blind study of pentoxifylline against placebo in patients with intermittent claudication. Pharmatherapeutica1977; 1: 557-62.
86.
Porter JM, Cutler BS, Lee BY et al. Pentoxifylline efficacy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: multicenter controlled double-blind trial with objective assessment of chronic occlusive arterial disease patients. Am Heart J1982; 104: 66-72.
87.
Dormandy JA , Hoare E, Colley et al. Clinical, haemodynamic, rheological and biochemical findings in 126 patients with intermittent claudication. Br Med J1973; 4: 576-81.