The purpose of this article is to outline the variety of roles and functions of enforcement agencies established in Australasia and the UK to promote antidiscrimination law on the grounds of race. Given the range of agencies involved and the differing circumstances in which they are placed, firm conclusions regarding their relative effectiveness are difficult to draw. However, the article attempts to identify some common issues and approaches. These suggest the desirability for governments and the agencies themselves to have a greater awareness of the experience of other approaches and to undertake review from a strengthened comparative perspective.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbramsP.(1992) Historical Sociology. Shepton Mallet, Open Books: London.
2.
BaldwinR.McCruddenC.(1987) Regulation and Public Law. Weidenfeld & Nicolson; London.
3.
BellD.(1992) An allegorical critique of the United States Civil Rights Model. In Discrimination: the Limits of the Law. (HeppleB.SzyszczakE., eds.) Mansell Publications: London.
4.
Commission for Racial Equality (1984a) Report of Formal Investigation into Liverpool City Council Housing Department. CRE: London.
5.
Commission for Racial Equality (1984b) Report of Formal Investigation into Hackney Borough Council. CRE: London.
6.
Commission for Racial Equality (1985) Report of Formal Investigation into the Immigration and Nationality Department of the Home Office. CRE: London.
7.
Commission for Racial Equality (1988) Homelessness and Discrimination: Report of a formal investigation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlet. CRE: London.
8.
Commission for Racial Equality (1989) Racial Discrimination in Liverpool City Council: report of a formal investigation into the Housing Department. CRE: London.
9.
Commission for Racial Equality (1992) Second Review of the Race Relations Act 1976. CRE: London.
10.
Commission for Racial Equality (1994) Annual Report for 1993. CRE: London.
11.
CrenshawK.(1988) Race, reform and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in anti-discrimination law. Harvard Law Review, 101, 1331.
12.
CrossM. (1993) Racism, Racial Inequality: the British case in a European context. Unpublished paper presented to the conference on Discrimination, Racism and Citizenship: inclusion and exclusion in Britain and Germany. Berlin, 25–27 November, 1993.
13.
Federal Race Discrimination Commission of Australia (1993) State of the Nation: Report on people of non-English speaking backgrounds (Irene Moss: Federal Race Discrimination Commissioner). HREOC: Canberra.
14.
FissO.(1971) A Theory of Fair Employment Laws. University of Chicago Law Review, 38, 235: Chicago.
15.
Franks (1957) The Report of the Committee on Administrative Tribunals and Inquiries. Cmnd 218, HMSO: London.
16.
Heilbroner(1971) The Routes of Social Neglect in the United States. In Is Law Dead? (RostowE., ed.). Simon and Schuster: New York.
17.
HMSO (1975) Racial Discrimination. Home Office: London.
18.
HMSO (1981) Commission for Racial Equality: Home Affairs Committee Session 1981–82, vol 1. Report with Minutes of Proceedings. HC 46-I, HMSO: London.
19.
HochschildJ.(1984) The New American Dilemma. Yale University Press: Newhaven.
20.
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1993) Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Annual Report 1992–93. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.
21.
ICERD (1990) Ninth Periodic Report to the Committee for the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination: New Zealand. United Nations: Geneva.
22.
KatznelsonI.(1973) Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics and Migration in the United States 1900–1930 and Britain 1948–1968. Oxford University Press: London.
23.
McCruddenC.SmithD.BrownC.(1991) Racial Discrimination at Work. Report of Inquiry by Policy Studies Institute. PSI: London.
24.
MacEwenM.(1986) Community Relations Councils: Scotch Mist, Domestic Colonialism or What?Scottish Ethnic Minorities Research Unit: Edinburgh.
25.
MacEwenM.(1991) Housing, Race and Law. Routledge: London.
26.
MacEwenMartin(ed.) (1994) Anti-discrimination Law on the grounds of race: comparative literature survey of the provisions in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA with case studies by Meredith Wilkie, Mai Chen, Ian McKenna and John Goering. Commission for Racial Equality/Scottish Ethnic Minority Research Unit: London and Edinburgh.
27.
McKennaI. B.(1994) Legal Protection against Racial Discrimination in Canada. New Community, 20(3), 415–436.
28.
MayhewL. H., (1968) Law and Equal Opportunity: a Study of the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass.
29.
MaiChen(1994) Eliminating race discrimination in New Zealand: Generating the political will and improving laws. New Community, 20(3) April.
30.
Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1993) Social Justice for Indigenous Australians 1993–94. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.
31.
MyrdalG.(1994) An American Dilemma. Harper & Brothers Publishers: New York and London.
32.
OEEO (1993) The Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Annual Report 1992–93. OEEO: Perth, Western Australia.
33.
OMA (1993) Community Relations Strategy: and Evaluation. Office of Multicultural Affairs, Federal Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet: Canberra, Australia.
34.
Race Relations Board (1969) Race Relations Board Report for the year 1968. Race Relations Board: London.
35.
ThorntonM.(1990) The Liberal Promise: Anti-discrimination Legislation in Australia. Oxford University Press: Oxford and Melbourne.
36.
WilkieM.(1994) Anti-discrimination Law in Australia. New Community, 20(3) April, pp. 437–453.
