Sustainability of health outcomes of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus after completing 6 months of remote tele-monitoring: Two-year results from a randomised controlled trial (OPTIMUM)

Abstract

Introduction

Meta-analysis shows that home tele-monitoring (HTM) improves glycaemic control in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) up to 12 months, but their health outcomes after HTM cessation remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the health outcomes of these patients 18 months after completing 6 months of HTM, compared to standard care.

Methods

Patients with T2DM were enrolled in an open-labelled randomised controlled trial, aged 26 to 65 years, and suboptimal glycaemic control (HbA1c = 7.5%–10%). Patients in the intervention group (n = 165) undertook HTM using the OPTIMUM (Optimising care of Patients via Telemedicine In Monitoring and aUgmenting their control of diabetes Mellitus) HTM system for 6 months followed by usual care for another 18 months, while control group (n = 165) had usual care for 24 months. The OPTIMUM HTM system includes in-app video-based tele-education, tele-monitoring of the blood pressure (BP), capillary glucose and weight via Bluetooth devices and mobile applications, followed by algorithm-based telecare by the investigators. They were assessed using the Self-Care Inventory Scale (SCIR) and medication adherence (Medication Adherence Report Scale 5) at baseline, 6-month and 24-month time-points.

Results

The data from 146 (intervention) and 152 (control) patients, with comparable baseline demographic profiles were eventually analysed. The decrease in HbA1c over 24 months was comparable between intervention and control group. Those in the intervention group were more likely to maintain their glycemic control (HbA1c ≤ 8%) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.9, 95%confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–3.2; p = 0.028), had higher SCIR score (p = 0.004), and less likely to “never forget” (p = 0.022), or “stop medications” (p = 0.048), at 24-month time-point as compared to subjects in the control group.

Conclusion

The glycaemic control of patients with T2DM continued to be maintained for another 18 months after 6 months of HTM, which were attributed to sustained self-care behaviour and medication adherence.