This paper reviews definitions of tourism
organisations and interest groups in an
attempt to categorise the Skål movement; it
considers the origins of Skål International
from European roots in the 1930s to the
worldwide membership base of today and then
details key aspects of the organisational struc
ture. Analysis of data from a comparative sur
vey of UK and US clubs is provided,
identifying membership by sector, club
numbers and changes over one and five years.
The views of Skål club secretaries are dis
cussed followed by an assessment of current
issues relevant to the movement.
Cockerell, N. (1990) 'The Changing Role of International Travel and Tourism Organizations', Travel and Tourism Analyst, Economist Intelligence Unit, No. 5; (1994) 'The Changing Role of International Travel and Tourism Organizations', Travel and Tourism Analyst, Economist Intelligence Unit, No. 5.
2.
Greenwood, J. (1993) `Producer Interest Groups in Tourism Policy', Tourism Research Group, University of Exeter.
3.
Cockerell (1994), ref. 1 above.
4.
Lieber, R. (1974) 'Interest Groups and Political Integration: British Entry into Europe', in R. Kimber and J. Richardson (eds), 'Pressure Groups in Britain', Dent, London .
5.
Baggott, R. (1995) 'Pressure Groups Today', Manchester University Press, Manchester, p. 9.
6.
Stcwart, J.D. (1958) 'British Pressure Groups' , Clarendon, Oxford, cited in Baggott, ibid., p. 13.
7.
Cawson, A. (1982) 'Corporatism and Welfare', Heinemann, London, cited in Baggott, ref. 5, p. 17.
8.
Benewick, R. (1973) 'Politics Without Ideology: The Perimeters of Pluralism' , in R. Benewick (ed), 'Knowledge and Belief in Politics: The Problem of Ideology', Allen and Unwin, London , cited in Baggott, ref. 5, p. 18.
9.
Greenwood, ref. 2 above.
10.
Anon (1988) 'International Associations', 22nd edn, Gale Research, Detroit, p. 118.
11.
Holloway, J.C.R. and Plant, R.V. (1992) 'Marketing for Tourism' , 2nd edn, Pitman , London, p. 194.
12.
Jordan, A.G. and Richardson, J.J. (1987) 'Government and Pressure Groups in Britain', Clarendon, Oxford.
13.
Fox, K. (1995) Honorary Secretary, Skål Club of London, personal communication.
14.
Power, J. (1995) 'Affiliated Clubs', Skål News, October, No. 187, p. 17.
15.
Sapsford, R. (1993) 'Problems, Cases and the Logic of Research Studies ', in R. Sapsford et al., 'Problem Formulation and Case Selection', Block 2, DEH313, Principles of Social and Educational Research, Open University, Milton Keynes, p. 8.
16.
Gage, N.L. (1991) 'The Obviousness of Social and Educational Research Results', Educational Researcher , Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 10-16, reproduced in M. Hammersley (ed) ( 1993) 'Social Research — Philosophy, Politics and Practice' , Sage, London, pp. 226-237.
17.
Baratz, D. (1983) 'How Justified is the "Obvious" Reaction?', Dissertation Abstracts International 44/02B, 644B, University Microfilms DA 8314435, cited in Gage, ibid., p. 20.
18.
Hakim, C. (1987) `Research Design', Unwin Hyman , London, p. 45.
19.
Robson, C. (1993) `Real World Research', Blackwell , Oxford, p. 297.
20.
Schutt, R.K. (1996) 'Investigating the Social World', Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA , p. 52.
21.
Trevijano, J.M. (1994) General Manager, Skål International, personal communication .
22.
Gellatly, J. (1996) Marketing Director, Nordic Travel Group, personal communication, October.
23.
Anon (1996) UK Skål News, edition 7.
24.
Dunleavy, P. (1988) 'Group Identities and Individual Influence: Reconstructing the Theory of Interest Groups', British Journal of Political Science, January, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 21-50, quoted in Baggott, ref. 5 above, p. 50.
25.
Anon (1995a) Skål News, October, No. 187.
26.
Anon (1995b) 'Women in Skål', Skål News, October, No. 187, p. 9.
27.
Hawkins, R. (1995) 'Putting SPICE into Skål' , Skål News, October, No. 187, p. 12; (1996 ) 'The Future and You', Skål News, January, No. 188.
28.
Power, J. (1996) Letter from the Secretary General, Skål News, January, No. 188, p. 7.
29.
Muschialli, G.P. (1995) Former Secretary, South and West Wales Skål Club (disbanded), personal communication.
30.
Cockerell (1990), ref. 1 above.
31.
Leonard, P.J. (1994) 'Finances Healthy but New Members Still Needed', Skål News, Summer, No. 183, p. 20.
32.
Zabia, M. (1996) 'Looking After WTO Affiliates' , Skål News, April, No. 189, p. 7.
