This paper argues that the joint marketing of sport touristic experiences is needed to enable aspirant sport tourists to access the increasingly wide range of opportunities and to engage the beneficial synergies the sport tourism relation promises. Recognised as a growing sector of the vacation tourism market, the symbiosis between sport and tourism is increasing. Yet sport tourism remains a special interest sector that attracts only a minority of the overall vacation market. The distinctive characteristics of sport tourism define the reasons and the scope for new marketing actions. The author identifies a range of tasks amenable to joint marketing initiatives in order for sport tourism to deliver its full tourism potential.
Slusher, H.S. (1967) 'Men, Sport and Existence: A Critical Analysis', Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
2.
Holloway, J.C. (1994) 'The Business of Tourism ', Pitman Publishing, London, p. 3.
3.
Council of Europe (1992) 'European Sports Charter', Council of Europe, Strasbourg, Article 2.
4.
MacCannell, D. (1996) 'Tourist or Traveller ?', BBC Educational Developments, London, p. 5.
5.
Standeven, J. and Tomlinson, A. (1994) 'Sport and Tourism in South East England', South East Council for Sport and Recreation , London.
6.
Glyptis, S.A. (1982) 'Sport and Tourism in Western Europe', British Travel Educational Trust, London.
7.
Graburn, N.H.H. (1983) 'To Pray, Pay and Play: The Cultural Structure of Japanese Domestic Tourism', Cahiers du Tourisme, Centre de Haute Etudes Touristiques, Series B, No. 26.
8.
Matley, I.M. (1983) 'Physical and Cultural Factors Influencing the Location of Tourism', in N. S. Starr (ed), 'Tourism for the Travel Agent', Institute of Certified Travel Agents, Wellesley, MA .
9.
Deveen, M. (1987) 'Sport et Tourisme', in M. Garmise (ed), 'International Seminar and Workshop on Outdoor Education, Recreation and Sport Tourism', Proceedings, Wingate Institute, Israel.
10.
De Knop, P. (1987) 'Some Thoughts on the Influence of Sport on Tourism' , in M. Garmise (ed), ' International Seminar and Workshop on Outdoor Education, Recreation and Sport Tourism', Proceedings, Wingate Institute , Israel.
11.
Hall, C.M. (1992) 'Review, Adventure, Sport and Health Tourism', in B. Weiler and C. M. Hall (eds), 'Special Interest Tourism', Belhaven Press, London, p. 147.
12.
O'Hagan, J.W. and John, A.A. (1981) 'The Economic Significance of Tourism within the European Community', British Tourist Authority, London.
13.
For Britain see Ogilvie, J. and Dickinson, C. (1992) 'The UK Adventure Holiday Market', EIU Travel and Tourism Analyst, Vol. 3, pp. 37-50; Terry, L. (1996) ' Holidayers Seek Thrills' , Leisure Management, Vol. 16, No. 6, June, p. 14.
14.
For Europe see Smith, C. and Jenner, P. (1990) 'Activity Holidays in Europe', EIU Travel and Tourism Analyst, Vol. 5, pp. 58—78; Usher , R. (1996) ' Some Don't Like It Hot', Time , 2nd September, pp. 46-49.
15.
For America see Mudge, S. (1991) 'Notes on Ecotourism' , Ernst & Young, Washington .
16.
World-wide see Weiler, B. and Hall, C. M. (eds) (1992) ' Special Interest Tourism', Belhaven Press, London.
17.
English Tourist Board (1992 ) 'Activity Holidays in 1993', English Tourist Board, London.
18.
Mintel (1995) ' Activity Holidays in the UK', Mintel, London.
19.
For Belgium see Wes ( 1991 ) 'Reisgedrag en-opinies van de Belgen' ['Travelling Behaviour and Opinions of Belgians'], WES, Belgium.
20.
For France see Burton, R. (1995) 'Travel Geography' , Pitman Publishing, London.
21.
For New Zealand see Kliskey, A. and Kersley, G.W. (1993) 'Mapping Multiple Perceptions of Wilderness so as to Minimise the Impact of Tourism on Natural Environments: A Case-Study of the North West South Island of New Zealand', in A. J. Veal, P. Jonson and G. Cushman (eds), 'Leisure and Tourism: Social and Economic Change ', University of Technology , Sydney .
22.
For America see Gibson, H. and Yiannakis, A. (1995) 'Some Characteristics of Sport Tourism: A Life Span Perspective', paper presented at the Annual Conference of the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport, Savannah, GA, November; Beresford, L., Chun, J., Page, H. and Phillips, D. (1995) 'Tred Track', Entrepreneur, December 1995, pp. 110—111.
23.
Sports Council (1986) 'A Digest of Sports Statistics for the UK', Second edition, Sports Council, London; Sports Council (1991) 'A Digest of Sports Statistics for the UK', 3rd edn, Sports Council, London.
24.
Sports Market Place Directory (1997) Franklin Quest Sports Division, USA.
25.
See for example Redmond, G. (1990) 'Points of Increasing Contact: Sport and Tourism in the Modern World', in A. Tomlinson (ed), 'Sport in Society: Policy, Politics and Culture', Conference Papers No. 43 , Leisure Studies Association, Eastbourne, pp. 158-169; Glyptis, S.A. (1991) 'Sport and Tourism' in C. Cooper (ed), 'Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management', Vol. 3, Belhaven Press, London, pp. 165-183; Standeven and Tomlinson, ref. 5 above.
26.
Gunn, C.A. (1990) 'The New Recreation-Tourism Alliance', Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration , Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1—8.
27.
Weed, M.E. and Bull, C.J. (1997) 'Integrating Sport and Tourism: A Review of Regional Policies in England', in C. P. Cooper and A. Lockwood (eds), 'Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research', Vol. 3, John Wiley, London, forthcoming; examples of collaboration found in other countries are discussed by Standeven, J. (1996) 'Sport and Tourism — How Symbiotic is Their Relation?', paper given at the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport Conference, Hachi-ohji, Japan, 27th August.
28.
Datzer, R. (1993) 'Zukunftige Marktentwisklungen im Urlaubssport' ['Market Trends in the Future Regarding Leisure Sport'], in H.J. Neurburg, T. Wilken , K. Fehres and N. Sperle (eds), 'Sport in Urlaub' ['Sport on Holiday'] , Meyer & Meyer Verlag, Aachen , p. 62.
29.
Standeven, J. and De Knop, P. (forthcoming) 'Sport and Tourism: International Perspectives', Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.
30.
Kotler, P. (1991) 'Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control', 7th edn, Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
31.
See ref. 29 above.
32.
See ref. 30 above.
33.
See ref. 29 above.
34.
Usher, R. (1996) 'Some Don't Like It Hot' , Time, 2nd September, pp. 46-49.
35.
Lengfelder, J. (1988) 'Hi Tech Rec: Are We Losing the Real Pleasures of Life?', Visions in Leisure and Business: An International Journal of Personal Services, Programming and Administration , Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 50-60; Holloway (1994) 'The Business of Tourism', Pitman Publishing, London; Usher, ref. 34 above.
36.
For links between health and active leisure see Long, J. (1990) 'Leisure, Health and Wellbeing: Editor's Introduction', in J. Long (ed), 'Leisure Health and Wellbeing' , Conference Papers No. 44, Leisure Studies Association , Eastbourne, pp. i-vi; Morris, J.N. and Collins, M.F. (1992) 'Health Through Exercise: A Law of Nature', World Health , Jan/Feb, pp. 6-7.
37.
Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) 'Tourism Economic, Physical and Social Impacts', Longman Scientific and Technical Publications , Harlow.
38.
See ref. 18 above.
39.
See for example Ahn, J.A. (1987) 'The Role and Impact of Mega-Events and Attractions on Tourism Development in Asia' , Association Internationale d'Experts Scientifique du Tourisme (AEIST); (ed), 'The Role and Impact of Mega-Events and Attractions on Regional and National Tourist Development', AEIST, St Gall, pp. 133-185.
40.
Retail sales were reported by Candlish, L. (1996) 'Selling the Olympics', High Life, July, British Airways , London, pp. 78-82; Visitor spending by Wang, P. and Irwin, R.L. (1993) 'An Assessment of the Economic Impact Techniques for Small Sporting Events', Sports Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 33-37.
41.
Standeven, J. (1996) 'Sport and Tourism — How Symbiotic is Their Relation?', paper given at the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport Conference, Hachi-ohji, Japan, 27th August.
42.
Getz, D. (1991) 'Assessing the Economic Impacts of Festivals and Events: Research Issues', Journal of Applied Economic Research , Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 61-77.
43.
Critcher, C. (1992) 'Sporting Civic Pride: Sheffield and the World Student Games of 1991', in J. Sugden and C. Knox (eds), 'Leisure in the 1990s: Rolling Back the Welfare State', Conference Paper No. 46, Leisure Studies Association , Eastbourne.
44.
Bramwell, W. (1993) 'Planning for Tourism in an Industrial City', Town and Country Planning, Jan/Feb, pp. 17—19; Bramwell, W. and Rawdin, L. (1994) 'Tourism Marketing Organisations in Industrial Cities', Tourism Management, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 425-434.
45.
Baade, R.A. and Dye, R.E. (1990 'The Impact of Stadiums and Professional Sport on Metropolitan Area Development', Growth and Change, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 1-14.
46.
Ritchie, J.R.B. (1988) 'Alternative Approaches to Teaching Tourism', paper presented at the Tourism Teaching into the 1990s Conference, Guild-ford, July.
47.
Elliott, H. (1995) 'Test Series Gives Big Boost to West Indies Tourism' , The Times, 3rd August, p. 19.
48.
Kolstad, A., Rundmo, T. and Svarva, K. (1995) 'The Consequences of the Olympic Games on the Host City Residents' Value Systems', Corpus, Psyche et Societas , Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 85-94.
49.
The author visited this facility in 1995.
50.
Cramer, J. (1997) 'Brave Start', Sports Management, May, p. 20.
51.
Ibid p. 21.
52.
See ref. 2 above.
53.
Churchill, D. (1995) 'Boom in Golf Breaks' , The Times, 20th July, p. 36.
54.
Wheat, S. (1993) 'Playing Around With Nature' , Geographical, August, pp. 10-14.
55.
Ward, J., Higson, P. and Campbell, W. (1994) 'Advanced Leisure and Tourism', Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham.
56.
See ref. 29 above.
57.
See ref. 27 above.
58.
See ref. 29 above.
59.
See ref. 27 above.
60.
Glyptis, S.A. (1991) 'Sport and Tourism', in C. Cooper (ed), 'Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, Vol. 3, Belhaven Press, London.
61.
Ibid.
62.
See ref. 27 above.
63.
Welch, D. (1988) 'Politics and Leisure in Britain', World Leisure and Recreation, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 26-28.
64.
The Council of Europe organised a Conference on Sport and Tourism in Troia, Portugal and the International Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation one in Israel titled 'Outdoor Education, Recreation and Sport Tourism'; De Knop, P. (1994) 'New Professions in Sport and Tourism', in J. Mester (ed), 'Sport Sciences in Europe — Current and Future Perspectives', Meyer & Meyer, Aachen, p. 47.
65.
A second conference is planned for September 1998 with attendance of over 300 expected.
