The usefulness of investigating fears tourists associate with leisure travel as
basis for strategic and operational marketing is investigated. Tourism-related
fears are elicited from the tourism marketplace to gain insight into the precise
risks today's tourists perceive. Heterogeneity of respondents with
regard to these risk perceptions is investigated in the context of domestic and
overseas travel. Distinctly different patterns of perceived risks emerge for
different destination contexts as well as sub-segments of tourists. This
knowledge could form a good basis for optimizing marketing communication
messages to address tourists' concerns more effectively.
Bauer, R. A.
(1960) 'Consumer Behaviour as Risk
Taking', in
Hancock, R. S.
(ed.) Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World, pp.
389-398.
Chicago: American Marketing Association
.
2.
Cunningham, S. M.
(1967) 'The Major Dimensions of Perceived
Risk', in
Cox, D. F.
(ed.) Risk Taking and Information Handling in Consumer Behavior,
pp. 82-108.
Boston, MA: Graduate School of Business
Administration, Harvard University
.
3.
Peter, J. P.
and
Ryan, M. J.
(1976)
'An Investigation of Perceived Risk at the Brand Level'
, Journal of Marketing Research, 13(4):
184-188
.
4.
Bettman, J. R.
(1972)
'Perceived Risk: A Measurement Methodology and Preliminary Findings'
, in Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the Association
for Consumer Research. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
5.
Sonmez, S. F.
and
Graefe, A. R.
(1998)
'Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience
and Perceptions of Risk and Safety'
, Journal of Travel Research, 37(2):
171-177
.
6.
Roehl, W. S.
and
Fesenmaier, D. R.
(1992)
'Risk Perceptions and Pleasure Travel: An Exploratory Analysis'
, Journal of Travel Research, 30(4):
17-26
.
7.
Cronbach, L. J.
(1950)
'Further Evidence on Response Sets and Test Design'
, Educational and Psychological Measurement,
10(1):
3-31
.
8.
Roehl and Fesenmaier, ref. 6 above.
9.
Dolnicar, S.
(2002)
'Review of Data-Driven Market Segmentation in Tourism'
, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,
12(1):
1-22
.
10.
Sonmez and Graefe, ref. 5 above.
11.
Cossens, J.
and
Gin, S.
(1994)
'Tourism and AIDS: The Perceived Risk of HIV Infection on
Destination Choice'
, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,
3(4):
1-20
.
12.
Demos, E.
(1992)
'Concern for Safety: A Potential Problem in the Tourist Industry'
, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,
1(1):
81-88
.
13.
Pinhey, T. K.
and
Iverson, T. J.
(1994)
'Safety Concerns of Japanese Visitors to Guam'
, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,
3(2):
87-94
.
14.
Wahab, S.
(1996) 'Tourism and Terrorism: Synthesis of the
Problem with Emphasis on Egypt', in
Pizam, A.
and
Mansfield, Y.
(eds) Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, pp.
175-186.
New York: John Wiley & Sons
.
15.
Walle, A. H.
(1997)
'Pursuing Risk or Insight - Marketing Adventures'
, Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2):
265-282
.
16.
Zuckerman, M.
,
Kolin, E. A.
,
Price, L.
and
Zoob, I.
(1964)
'Development of a Sensation-Seeking Scale'
, Journal of Consulting Psychology,
28(6):
477-482
.
17.
Zuckerman, M.
(1983)
'Sensation Seeking and Sports'
, Personality and Individual Differences,
4(3):
285-293
.
18.
Cheron, E. J.
and
Brent Ritchie, J. R.
(1982)
'Leisure Activities and Perceived Risk'
, Journal of Leisure Research, 14(2):
139-154
.
19.
Bouter, L. M.
,
Knipschild, P. G.
,
Feij, J. A.
and
Volovics, A.
(1988)
'Sensation Seeking and Injury Risk in Downhill Skiing'
, Personality and Individual Differences,
9(3):
667-673
.
20.
Cronin, C.
(1991)
'Sensation Seeking among Mountain Climbers'
, Personality and Individual Differences,
12(6):
653-654
.
21.
Ewert, A. W.
(1994)
'Playing the Edge: Motivation and Risk-Taking in a High-Altitude
Wildernesslike Environment'
, Environment and Behavior, 26(1):
3-22
.
22.
Galloway, G.
and
Lopez, K.
(1999)
'Sensation Seeking and Attitudes to Aspects of National Parks: A
Preliminary Empirical Investigation'
, Tourism Management, 20(6):
665-671
.
23.
Gilchrist, H.
,
Povey, R.
,
Dickinson, A.
and
Povey, R.
(1995)
'The Sensation-Seeking Scale: Its Use in a Study of the
Characteristics of People Choosing “Adventure Holidays” '
, Personality and Individual Differences,
19(4):
513-516
.
24.
Rowland, G. L.
,
Franken, R. E.
and
Harrison, K.
(1986)
'Sensation Seeking and Participation in Sporting Activities'
, Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(3):
212-220
.
25.
Pizam, A.
,
Jeong, G.-H.
,
Reichel, A.
and
Boemmel, H.
(2004)
'The Relationship Between Risk-Taking, Sensation-Seeking, and the
Tourist Behavior of Young Adults: A Cross-Cultural Study'
, Journal of Travel Research, 42(3):
251-260
.
26.
Formann, A. K. (1984) Die Latent-Class-Analyse: Einführung in die
Theorie und Anwendung. Vienna: University of Vienna.
27.
Dolnicar, S.
(2003)
'Using Cluster Analysis for Market Segmentation - Typical
Misconceptions, Established Methodological Weaknesses and Some
Recommendations for Improvement'
, Australasian Journal of Market Research,
11(2):
5-12
.
28.
Martinetz, T.
and
Schulten, K.
(1994)
'Topology Representing Networks'
, Neural Networks, 7(5):
507-522
.
29.
Baumann, R. (2000) Marktsegmentierung in den Sozial-und
Wirtschaftswissenschaften: Eine Metaanalyse der Zielsetzungen und Zugänge.
Vienna: Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration.
30.
Everitt, B. S.
,
Landau, S.
and
Leese, M.
(2001) Cluster Analysis, 4th edn.London: Arnold
.
31.
Buchta, C.
,
Dimitriadou, E.
,
Dolnicar, S.
,
Leisch, F.
and
Weingessel, A.
(1998) A Comparison of Several Cluster Algorithms on
Artificial Binary Data Scenarios From Travel Market Segmentation, Adaptive
Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science,
Working Paper No. 7.
Vienna: Vienna University of Economics and
Business Administration
.
32.
Milligan, G. W.
(1981)
'A Monte Carlo Study of Thirty Internal Criterion Measures for
Cluster Analysis'
, Psychometrika, 46(2):
187-199
.
33.
Dolnicar, S.
,
Grabler, K.
and
Mazanec, J.
(2000) 'A Tale of Three Cities: Perceptual
Charting for Analysing Destination Images', in
Woodside, A. G.
,
Crouch, G. I.
,
Mazanec, J. A.
,
Oppermann, M.
and
Sakai, M. Y.
(eds) Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure, pp.
39-62.
Wallingford: CABI International
.
