Faecal Incontinence after Childbirth

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Leigh

Turnberg

. Faecal incontinence: The unvoiced symptom. Lancet 1982; 1: 1349–1351.

Sultan

Kamm

Hudson

Thomas

Bartram

. Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1905–1911.

Jorge

JMN

Wexner

. Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 77–97.

Sultan

Kamm

Bartram

Hudson

. Perineal damage at delivery. Contem Rev Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 6: 18–24.

Henriksen

Bek

Hedegaard

Secher

. Methods and consequences of changes in use of episiotomy. Br Med J 1994; 309: 1255–1258.

Ryhammer

Laurberg

Hermann

. Long-term effect of vaginal deliveries on anorectal function in normal premenopausal women. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 852–859.

Haadem

Dahlstrom

Ling

Ohrlaner

. Anal sphincter function after delivery rupture. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 53–56.

Sorensen

Tetscher

Rasmusscn

Bjarnesen

Christiansen

. Sphincter rupture in childbirth. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 392–394.

Sultan

Kamm

Hudson

Bartram

. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: Risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ 1994; 308: 887–891.

10.

Walsh

Mooney

Upton

Motson

. Incidence of third-degree perineal tears in labour and outcome after primary repair. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 218–221.

11.

Poen

Felt-Bersma

RJF

Strijers

RLM

Dekker

Cuesta

Meuwissen

SGM

. Third-degree obstetric perineal tear: Long-term clinical and functional results after primary repair. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1433–1438.

12.

Kamm

. Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence. Lancet 1994; 344: 730–733.

13.

Sultan

Monga

Kumar

Stanton

. Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106: 318–323.

14.

Bollard

Varma

Lindow

Duthie

. Incontinence and the ruptured anal sphincter. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1567A.

15.

Stenovich

Blatchford

Revela

Lin

Thorson

Christensen

. Diagnosing anal sphincter injury with transanal ultrasound and manometry. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40: 1430–1434.

16.

Stenovich

Wong

Blatchford

. Accuracy and reliability of transanal ultrasound for anterior anal sphincter injury. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: 1000–1004.

17.

Donnelly

O'Herlihy

Campbell

O'Connell

. Postpartum fecal incontinence is more common in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: 586–589.

18.

Engel

Kamm

Sultan

Bartram

Nicholls

. Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1231–1234.

19.

Kamm

. Faecal incontinence. Br Med J 1998; 316: 528–532.

20.

Gilliland

Altomare

Moreira

Oliveira

Gilliland

Wexner

. Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlap sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum 1998; 41: 1516–1522.

21.

Nikiteas

Korsgen

Kumar

Keighley

MRB

. Audit of sphincter repair. Factors associated with poor outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 1164–1170.

22.

Kiff

Swash

. Slowed conduction in the pudendal nerves in idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1984; 71: 614–616.

23.

Sitzler

Thomson

JPS

. Overlap repair of damaged anal sphincter: A single surgeon series. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 1356–1360.

24.

Laurberg

Swash

Henry

. Delayed external sphincter repair for obstetric tear. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 786–788.

25.

Pinedo

Vaizey

Nicholls

Roach

Halligan

Kamm

. Results of repeat anal sphincter repair. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 66–69.