Gamification faces an epistemological problem of game transversality presenting limits from the playfulness. However, describing these limits is difficult if there is no interpretive model that explain the transition between the game and the gamification. This work proposes a systemic game–gamification model to understand the phenomenon of the gamification procedure. This structural-functionalist and systemic model can respond to different fields interested in gamification under the same elements and assume to serve as an interpretation only for this phenomenon’s social reality from the complexity. Some risks of gamification are highlighted, such as isolating and considering only some elements that do not even belong to the game, as is frequently the case with the competition system, an issue that, in analogy with game-sport, becomes sportification.
AarsethE (2003, May) Playing research: Methodological approaches to game analysis. In: Proceedings of the Digital arts and Culture Conference. København: IT University of Copenhagen, pp. 28–29.
2.
BogostI (2015) Why gamification is bullshit. In: WalzSPDeterdingS (eds) The Gameful World: Approaches, Issues, Applications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 65.
3.
CailloisR (1967 [1958]) Les jeux et les hommes (Man, play, and games). Paris: Librairie Gallimard.
4.
ConillRFKarlssonM (2016) The gamification of journalism. In: DavisDZ (ed) Emerging Research and Trends in Gamification. Pennsylvania, PA: IGI Global, pp. 356–383.
5.
CsikszentmihalyiM (1997) Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: Harper Perennial, p. 39.
6.
DeciELRyanRM (1985) Self-determination and intrinsic motivation in human behavior. In: DeciELRyanRM (eds) Try the new Google Books. Berlin: Springer.
7.
DeterdingS (2013) Modes of Play. A Frame Analytical Account of Video Game Play. Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Hamburg, Germany.
8.
DeterdingS (2014) Eudaimonic design, or: Six invitations to rethink gamification. In: FuchsMSoniaFPaoloR, et al. (eds) Rethinking Gamification. Lüneburg: Meson Press, pp. 305–323.
9.
DeterdingSBjörkSLNackeLE, et al. (2013) Designing gamification: Creating gameful and playful experiences. In: MackayWE (ed) CHI’13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 3263–3266.
10.
DeterdingSDixonDKhaledR, et al. (2011, September). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining “gamification.” In: Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 9–15.
11.
DichevaDDichevCAgreG, et al. (2015) Gamification in education: A systematic mapping study. Journal of Educational Technology & Society18(3): 75–88.
12.
EliasNDunningE (1986) The quest for excitement in leisure. Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process, 63–90.
13.
Ferrer-ConillR (2017) Quantifying journalism? A study on the use of data and gamification to motivate journalists. Television & New Media18(8): 706–720.
14.
FoggBJ (2009, April) A behavior model for persuasive design. In: ChatterjeeS (ed) Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology. New York, NY: ACM Press, pp. 1–7.
15.
ForresterJW (1971) World Dynamics. Cambridge: Wright-Allen Press.
16.
FrascaG (2003) Simulation versus narrative. Introduction to Ludology. In: WolfMark JPBernardP (eds) The Video Game Theory Reader. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 221–235.
17.
FrascaG (2013) Newsgames: el crecimiento de los videojuegos periodísticos. Homo videoludens2: 254–263.
18.
FuchsMFizekSRuffinoP, et al. (2014) Rethinking Gamification. Lüneburg: Meson press.
GilRMGonzálezCPaderewskiP, et al. (2019, June) Z Generation and Fortnite: New ethical paradigms in video games design. In: Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Donostia Gipuzkoa Spain, June, 2019, pp. 1–2.
21.
GonzálezCSGómezNNavarroV, et al. (2016) Learning healthy lifestyles through active videogames, motor games and the gamification of educational activities. Computers in Human Behavior55: 529–551.
22.
HamariJErantiV (2011, September) Framework for designing and evaluating game achievements. In Digra conference.
23.
HamariJKoivistoJSarsaH (2014, January) Does gamification work? – A literature review of empirical studies on gamification. In: 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Waikoloa, HI, USA, 6–9 January 2014, pp. 3025–3034.
24.
HuizingaJ (1938) Homo Ludens (1984). Madrid: Alianza, p. 74.
25.
HunickeRLeBlancMZubekR (2004, July) MDA: A formal approach to game design and game research. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Challenges in Game AI4(1): 1722).
26.
JärvinenA (2008) Games Without Frontiers: Theories and Methods for Game Studies and Design. Tampere: Tampere University Press.
27.
JuulJ (2005) Games telling stories. In: RaessenJGoldsteinJGoldsteinJH (eds) Handbook of Computer Game Studies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 219–226.
28.
KappenDLNackeLE (2013, October) The kaleidoscope of effective gamification: Deconstructing gamification in business applications. In: NackeLE (ed) Proceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 119–122.
29.
KimB (2015) Understanding Gamification. Chicago, IL: ALA TechSource.
30.
KuperA (ed) (2004) The Social Anthropology of Radcliffe-Brown (Vol. 7). East Sussex: Psychology Press.
31.
LuhmannN (1998) Sistemas Sociales: Lineamientos Para Una Teoría General (Vol. 15). Newnham: Anthropos editorial.
32.
LuhmannNLópezP (1984) Sociedad y sistema: la ambición de la teoría(No. 301.05 L84).
33.
MarczewskiA (2013) Gamification: A Simple Introduction and a Bit More. 2nd ed. self-published on Amazon Digital Services, Kindle edition.
34.
MarczewskiA (2015) Even Ninja Monkeys Like to Play: Gamification, Game Thinking and Motivational Design, 1st ed. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, pp. 65–80.
35.
MoiseDCruceruAF (2014) The use of gamification in events marketing. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories4(2): 185–190.
36.
MoraARieraDGonzálezC, et al. (2017) Gamification: A systematic review of design frameworks. Journal of Computing in Higher Education29(3): 516–548.
37.
NackeLEDeterdingCS (2017) The maturing of gamification research. Computers in Human Behaviour71: 450–454.
38.
NavarroV (2002) El afán de Jugar. Teoría y Práctica de los Juegos Motores. Inde: Barcelona.
39.
NavarroV (2005) El juego simbólico en Educación Física desde la perspectiva de la Praxiología. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicomotricidad y Técnicas Corporales.
40.
ParlebasP (1981) Contribution a un léxique commenté en science de laaction motrice. Paris: INSEP.
41.
ParlebasP (1988) Elementos de sociología del deporte. Málaga: Universidad Internacional Deportiva.
42.
ParlebasP (2001) Léxico de praxiología motriz. Barcelona: Paidotribo.
43.
ParsonsT (1951) The Social System. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
44.
ParsonsT (1959) General theory in sociology. In: MertonRKBroomLCotrellLSJr (eds) Sociology Today. New Yourk: Basic Books.
45.
ParsonsT (1991) The Social System. East Sussex: Psychology Press.
46.
RaessensJ (2006) Playful identities, or the ludification of culture. Games and Culture1(1): 52–57.
47.
RaessensJ (2014) The ludification of culture. In: FuchsMSoniaFPaoloR, et al. (eds) Rethinking Gamification. Lüneburg: Meson Press, pp. 91–114.
48.
SalenKZimmermanE (2004) Rules of Play: Fundamentals of Game Design. Cambridge: MIT Press.
49.
SantosRM (2015) Juegos, reglas y azar (2ª parte). La lógica jurídica del baloncesto. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación27: 159–165.
50.
ShellJ (2008) The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
