The designers and programmers of internet settings may indicate that images and
events are distributed in real time and as they happen, the technologies are alive,
and that the form is unique, but television and internet sites employ similar
narratives about liveness, intimacy, and spatial entrances. Internet renderings of
liveness suggest that representations are unmediated because images and texts are
presented at the same time as the viewer is watching. This makes the various
mediated and constructed aspects of the technologies, including the continuation of
normative beliefs about gender, race, and sexuality, easier to ignore. Considering
how television structures the viewer, historical and critical writings about
television liveness, and narratives about internet liveness, and applying this
literature to webcams and other internet settings, indicates that these internet
renderings are a part of ongoing cultural conventions and provides methods to resist
the more stereotyped aspects of these representations.
Aimee
(2006) ‘A Cam Girl Dot Com, A Free Live Web Cam
Site & More’, URL (consulted 11 March 2006): http://www.acamgirl.com/
2.
Aimee
(2006a) ‘“FAQ”, A Cam Girl Dot
Com, A Free Live Web Cam Site & More’, URL (consulted 11
March 2006): http://www.acamgirl.com/main.php
3.
Allen, R.C.
(1992) ‘Audience-Oriented Criticism and
Television’, in
R.C. Allen
(ed.) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: Television and Contemporary
Criticism (2nd edn), pp. 101–137.
Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press
.
Barthes, R.
(1977) Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes (trans. R.
Howard).
Berkeley: University of California Press
.
6.
Bauder, D.
(2001) ‘“American High” Finds
an Audience on PBS’,
Canoe: Your Internet Network
, 29 April, URL (consulted 2 January 2005): http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:l-00RW6IWgUJ:www.canoe.%20com/TelevisionShowsA/americanhigh.html+%22living+in+our+real+houses%22+american+high&hl=en
7.
Berenstein, R.J.
(2002) ‘Acting Live: TV Performance, Intimacy,
and Immediacy (1945–1955)’, in
J. Friedman
(ed.) Reality Squared: Televisual Discourse on the Real, pp.
25–49.
New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press
.
8.
Boddy, W.
(1990) Fifties Television: The Industry and Its
Critics.
Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press
.
9.
Bolter, J.D.
and
Grusin, R.
(1999) Remediation: Understanding New Media.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
.
10.
Bourdon, J.
(2000)
‘Live Television is Still Alive: On Television as an Unfulfilled Promise’
, Media, Culture and Society22(5):
531–556
.
11.
Cadigan, P.
(1991) Synners.
New York: Bantam Books
.
12.
Camarades
(2004) ‘World of Webcams’, URL
(consulted 26 December 2004): http://ww.com/
13.
CamGirls Ring (2001) URL (consulted 20 January 2001): http://www.camgirlsring.com/
14.
Campanella, T.J.
(1997) ‘Be There Now’, salon.com, 7
August, URL (consulted 11 March 2006): http://www.salon.com/aug97/21st/cam970807.html
15.
Campanella, T.J.
(2000) ‘Eden by Wire: Webcameras and the
Telepresent Landscape’, in
K. Goldberg
(ed.) The Robot in the Garden: Telerobotics and Telepistemology in the
Age of the Internet, pp. 22–46.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
.
16.
Cindy
(2003) ‘A Perfect View!’ URL
(consulted 20 April 2003): http://www.perfectview.net/index.html
17.
Cohen, A.J-J.
(2001) ‘Virtual Hollywood and the Genealogy of
its Hyper-Spectator’, in
M. Stokes
and
R. Maltby
(eds) Hollywood Spectatorship: Changing Perceptions of Cinema
Audiences, pp. 152–163.
London: British Film Institute
.
18.
Crosby, J.
(1952) Out of the Blue: A Book about Radio and
Television.
New York: Simon & Schuster
.
19.
Damer, B.
(2006) ‘DigitalSpace: Avatars Book Home Page and
Teleport’, URL (consulted 11 March 2006): http://www.digitalspace.com/avatars/index.html
20.
Denzin, N.K.
(1999) ‘Cybertalk and the Method of
Instances’, in
S. Jones
(ed.) Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining
the Net, pp. 107–126.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
.
21.
Doane, M.A.
(1987) The Desire to Desire: The Woman's Film of the
1940s.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press
.
22.
Doane, M.A.
(1990) ‘Information, Crisis,
Catastrophe’, in
P. Mellencamp
(ed.) Logics of Television: Essays in Cultural Criticism, pp.
222–239.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press
.
23.
Dyson, E.
(1997) Release 2.0: A Design for Living in the Digital
Age.
New York: Broadway Books
.
24.
Elliott, W.Y.
(1956) ‘Introduction’, in
W.Y. Elliott
(ed.) Television's Impact on American Culture, pp.
3–19.
East Lansing: Michigan State University Press
.
25.
Ellis, J.
(1982) Visible Fictions: Cinema, Television, Video.
London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
.
26.
Fiske
,
John
. (1989) Television Culture.
London: Routledge
.
27.
Feuer, J.
(1983) ‘The Concept of Live Television: Ontology
as Ideology’, in
E.A. Kaplan
(ed.) Regarding Television: Critical Approaches – An
Anthology, pp. 12–22.
Los Angeles, CA: The American Film Institute
.
28.
Friedberg, A.
(2004) ‘The Virtual Window’,
in
D. Thorburn
and
H. Jenkins
(eds) Rethinking Media Change: The Aesthetics of Transition, pp.
337–354.
Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
.
29.
Friedman, J.
(2002) ‘Introduction’, in
J. Friedman
(ed.) Reality Squared: Televisual Discourse on the Real, pp.
1–24.
New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
.
30.
Gable, A.
and
Swyden, T.A.
(1997) ‘I Robot, You Jane’,
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Season 1, Episode 9.
Director Stephen Posey
.
31.
Gibson, W.
(1984) Neuromancer.
New York: Ace Books
.
32.
Gould, J.
(1953) All About Radio and Television.
New York: Random House
.
33.
Gwen
(2000) ‘Gwencam’, URL (consulted 19
October 2000): http://gwen.webica.com/cam/
34.
Hayles, N.K.
(1999) How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in
Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
.
35.
Hu, J.
(2002) ‘Ziff Davis’ Yahoo Internet
Life Folds', ZDNet News, 3 July, URL (consulted 11
March 2006): http://news.zdnet.com/2100–9595_22–941463.html
36.
Hutchinson, T.H.
(1948) Here Is Television, Your Window on the World.
New York: Hastings House
.
37.
ICQ
(2003) ‘About the Web's Largest Community
– ICQ', URL (consulted 17 March 2003): http://www.icq.com/products/whatisicq.html
38.
Kiesewetter, J.
(2000) ‘Teens on “Real” Show
Stress How Real It Is’, Enquirer, 2 August, URL (consulted 11
March 2006): http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2000/08/02/loc_teens_on_real_show.html
39.
Krismay
(2003) ‘Krismay.com: A Girl's Life on the
Cam. 24/7 Live', URL (consulted 30 April 2003): http://www.krismay.com/main.htm
40.
Lacan, J.
(1981) The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-analysis
(trans. A. Sheridan).
New York: W.W. Norton
.
41.
Manovich, L.
(2001) The Language of New Media.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
.
42.
Marius
(2004) as quoted in ‘R.I.P.
Jennicam’, BBC News, 1 January, URL (consulted 11
March 2006): http:%20//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3360063.stm
43.
McPherson, T.
(2002) ‘Reload: Liveness, Mobility and the
Web’, in
N. Mirzoeff
(ed.) The Visual Culture Reader (2nd edn), pp.
458–470.
London: Routledge
.
44.
Merriam-Webster
(2003) ‘Merriam-Webster Online’,
URL (consulted 20 April 2003): http://www.m-w.com/%20cgi-bin/dictionary
45.
Messy
(2002) ‘Voyeurism’, URL (consulted
25 June 2002): http://www.craptabulous.com/voyeurism.html
46.
Metz, C.
(1982) The Imaginary Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema
(trans. C. Britton, A. Williams, B. Brewster and A. Guzzetti).
Bloomington: Indiana University Press
.
47.
Mitchell, P.
(2001) ‘American High Parents’
Guide', PBS, URL (consulted 11 March 2006): http://www.%20pbs.org/americanhigh/parents/parentsguide.pdf
48.
Montfort, N.
(2004)
‘Continuous Paper: The Early Materiality and Workings of
Electronic Literature’
, presented at the Modern Language Association
Convention, Philadelphia, USA, 28 December, URL
(consulted 11 March 2006): http://nickm.com/writing/essays/continuous_paper_mla.html
49.
Morse, M.
(1998) Virtualities: Television, Media Art, and
Cyberculture.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press
.
50.
Oulette, L.
and
Murray, S.
(2004) ‘Introduction’, in
L. Oulette
and
S. Murray
(eds) Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture, pp.
1–18.
New York, New York University Press
.
51.
Paccagnella, L.
(1997)
‘Getting the Seats of Your Pants Dirty: Strategies for
Ethnographic Research on Virtual Communities’
, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication3(1), URL (consulted 3 September 2004): http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/paccagnella.html
52.
Palmer, D.
(2004) ‘Webcams the Aesthetics of Liveness’,
25 October, URL (consulted 3 December 2005): http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:iQor4-neRAcJ:users.bigpond.net.au/danielpalmer/webcams.html+%20%22Webcams:+The+Aesthetics+of+Liveness%22&hl=e
53.
PBS
(2001) ‘American High Parents’
Guide', URL (consulted 11 March 2006): http://www.pbs.org/american%20high/parents/parentsguide.pdf
Ringley, J.
(2003) ‘What Is Jennicam?’ URL
(consulted 20 April 2003): http://jennicam.com/
56.
Scott, M.
(1993) Dreamships.
Alexandria, VA: Tor Books
.
57.
Seldes, G.
(1950) The Great Audience.
New York: The Viking Press
.
58.
Seldes, G.
(1953) Writing for Television.
New York: Doubleday
.
59.
Shaviro, S.
(2003) ‘Stranded in the Jungle –
29’, URL (consulted 22 April 2003): http://www.dhalgren.%20com/Stranded/29.html
60.
Siepmann, C.
(1950) Radio, Television, and Society.
New York: Oxford University Press
.
61.
Spigel, L.
(1992) Make Room for TV: Television and the Family Ideal in
Postwar America.
Chicago, IL and London: The University of
Chicago Press
.
62.
Stafford-Fraser, Q.
(2001) ‘Trojan Room Coffee Pot
Biography’, URL (consulted 3 May 2001): http://www.%20cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/qsf/coffee.html
63.
Steinberg, L.
(1972) Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth-Centur y
Art.
London: Oxford University Press
.
64.
Stephenson, N.
(1992) Snow Crash.
New York: Bantam Books
.
65.
Turkle, S.
(1995) Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the
Internet.
New York: Simon & Schuster
.
66.
UK Webcameras
(2006) ‘UK Webcams. The UK and Ireland Webcam
Search’, URL (consulted 11 March 2006): http://www.ukwebcameras.co.uk/Runyourown.asp
67.
USGS Albuquerque Seismological Lab
(2006) ‘Live Internet Seismic
Server’, URL (consulted 11 March 2006): http://aslwww.cr.usgs.gov/Seismic_Data/heli2.shtml
68.
Vianello, R.
(1985)
‘The Power Politics of “Live” Television’
, Journal of Film and Video28 (Summer):
26–40
.
69.
Voog, A.
(2006) ‘Anacam’, URL (consulted 11
March 2006): http://www.anacam.com/
70.
Webopedia
(2006) ‘What Is Real Time? A Word Definition from
the Webopedia Computer Dictionary’, URL (consulted 11 March
2006): http://www.pcwebopaedia.com/TERM/r/real_time.html
71.
White
,
Mimi
(2004) ‘The Attractions of Television:
Reconsidering Liveness’, in
N. Couldry
and
A. McCarthy
(eds) Mediaspace: Place, Scale, and Culture in a Media Age, pp.
75–91.
New York: Routledge
.
72.
White
,
Michele
(2006) The Body and the Screen: Theories of Internet
Spectatorship.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
.
73.
Yahoo!
(2004) ‘Yahoo! Avatars’, URL
(consulted 31 December 2004): http://avatars.yahoo.com/index.html
74.
Yahoo!
(2005) ‘Yahoo! Mail’, URL
(consulted 1 January 2005): http://us.f134.mail.yahoo.com/ym/ShowFolder?%20rb=Inbox&reset=1&YY=81209&order=down&sort=date&pos=0
75.
Zettl, H.
(1978)
‘The Rare Case of Television Aesthetics’
, Journal of the University Film Association30(2):
3–8
.
