This study examines the impact of uncertainty in both origin and destination countries on international tourism demand, utilizing a gravity model with panel data from 60 countries covering the period from 1995 to 2018. The paper highlights that uncertainty in destination countries significantly reduces tourism exports. Additionally, it investigates the importance of similarity and relativity in uncertainty between countries, finding that smaller differences in uncertainty and lower relative uncertainty in destination countries boost tourism flows. The findings underscore the critical role of perceived stability and risk in shaping international tourism demand.
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