The Israeli party system, its parties and its voters, have undergone tremendous change. From a stable dominant party system through a competitive two-bloc system, it finds itself in the 1990s in a state of dealignment, with weakening parties, loosening party ties, fragmentation, growing volatility and frequent turnover in government. The combination of electoral reform, which instituted direct elections of the Prime Minister, new voting groups, and international shifts exacerbated in Israel the processes which characterize all Western democracies. While the party system and the parties are in disarray, candidates, issues and the political blocs of left and right grow in importance.
Arian, Asher (1975) `Were the 1973 Elections in Israel Critical?', in Asher Arian (ed.) The Elections in Israel - 1973, pp. 287-305. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press.
2.
Arian, Asher (1980) `The Israeli Electorate, 1977', in Asher Arian (ed.) The Elections in Israel - 1977, pp. 253-276. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press.
3.
Arian, Asher (1998) The Second Republic: Politics in Israel. Chatham: Chatham House.
4.
Arian, Asher and Michal Shamir (1983) `The Primarily Political Functions of the Left-Right Continuum', Comparative Politics15: 139-158.
5.
Arian, Asher and Michal Shamir (1993) `Two Reversals in Israeli Politics: Why 1992 Was Not 1977', Electoral Studies12: 313-339.
6.
Bean, Clive and Anthony Mughan (1989) `Leadership Effects in Parliamentary Elections in Australia and Britain', American Political Science Review83: 1165-1179.
7.
Dalton, Russell J. (1996) Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Western Democracies, 2nd ed.Chatham: Chatham House.
8.
Dalton, Russell J. and Martin P. Wattenberg (1993) `The Not so Simple Act of Voting', in Ada W. Finifter (ed.) Political Science: The State of the Discipline II, pp. 193-218. Washington, DC: The American Political Science Association.
9.
Dalton, Russell J. , Scott Flanagan and Paul Beck (eds) (1984) Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
10.
Duverger, Maurice (1964) Political Parties. London: Methuen.
11.
Franklin, M. , T. Mackie and H. Valen (1992) Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12.
Goldberg, Giora (1992) The Parties in Israel - From Mass Parties to Electoral Parties. Tel-Aviv: Ramot (in Hebrew).
13.
Hazan, Reuven Y. (1996) `Does Center Equal Middle? Towards a Conceptual Delineation, with Application to West European Party Systems', Party Politics2: 209-228.
14.
Hazan, Reuven Y. (1999) `The Electoral Consequences of Political Reform: In Search of the Center of the Israeli Party System', in Asher and Michal Shamir (eds) The Elections in Israel 1996. Albany: State University of New York Press.
15.
Hermann, Tamar (1995) `The Rise of Instrumental Voting: The Campaign for Political Reform', in Asher Arian and Michal Shamir (eds) The Elections in Israel - 1992, pp. 275-298. Albany: State University of New York Press.
16.
Key, V. O. (1955) `A Theory of Critical Elections', Journal of Politics17: 3-18.
17.
Kitschelt, Herbert (2000) `Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Politics', Comparative Political Studies.
18.
Korn, Dani (ed.) (1998) The Demise of Parties in Israel. Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publications (in Hebrew).
19.
Korn, Dani and Boaz Shapira (1997) Coalition Politics in Israel. Tel-Aviv: Zmora-Bitan Publications (in Hebrew).
20.
Lehaman-Wilzig, Sam (1995) `The 1992 Media Campaign: Toward the Americanization of the Israeli Elections?', in Daniel Elazar and Shmuel Sandler (eds) Israel at the Polls - 1992, pp. 251-280. Lanham, MD: University Press of America and Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.
21.
Neuberger, Benyamin (1997) Political Parties in Israel. Tel-Aviv: The Open University.
22.
Shamir, Michal (1986) `Realignment in the Israeli Party System', in Asher Arian and Michal Shamir (eds) The Elections in Israel - 1984, pp. 267-296. Tel-Aviv: Ramot.
23.
Shamir, Michal and Asher Arian (1999) `Collective Identity and Electoral Competition in Israel', American Political Science Review93: 265-277.
24.
Ventura, Raphael (1997) The Influence of the Close Family Circle on the Voting Patterns of the Individual in Israel. PhD dissertation, Tel-Aviv University.
25.
Ventura, Raphael and Michal Shamir (1992) `Left and Right in Israeli Politics', Medina Umimshal35: 21-50 (in Hebrew).
26.
Wattenberg, Martin P. (1991) The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
