Candidate selection is vital to political parties but it also poses a dilemma, which is particularly acute in the cartel party, stemming from the position of MPs as both the base of the party in public office and the delegates of the party on the ground. One response is for leaders to democratize candidate selection in form, while centralizing control in practice. An inclusive but unorganized selectorate may give the appearance of democracy without the substance.
Beer, Samuel (1969) British Politics in the Collectivist Age. New York: Vintage Books.
2.
Chubb, Judith (1982) Patronage, Power, and Poverty in Southern Italy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3.
De Grand, Alexander (1996) `Giolitti and the Socialists', in Spencer M. Di Scala (ed.) Italian Socialism, pp. 23-37. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
4.
di Virgilio, Aldo (1998) `Electoral Alliances: Party Identities and Coalition Games', European Journal of Political Research34: 5-33.
5.
Downs, Anthony (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
6.
Duverger, Maurice (1954) Political Parties. New York: John Wiley.
7.
Eldersveld, Samuel J. (1964) Political Parties: A Behavioral Analysis. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
8.
Fitzmaurice, John (1983) The Politics of Belgium. New York: St. Martin's Press.
9.
Gallagher, Michael (1988) `Conclusion', in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds) Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective, pp. 236-283. London: Sage.
10.
Guttsman, W. L. (1981) The German Social Democratic Party 1875-1933. London: George Allen & Unwin.
11.
Hancock, M. Donald (1980) `Sweden', in Peter H. Merkl (ed.) Western European Party Systems: Trends and Prospects, pp. 185-204. New York: Free Press.
12.
Hazan, Reuven Y. (1999) `Constituency Interests without Constituencies: The Geographical Impact of Candidate Selection on Party Organization and Legislative Behavior in the 14th Israeli Knesset, 1996-99', Political Geography18: 791-811.
13.
Irwin, Galen A. (1980) `The Netherlands', in Peter H. Merkl (ed.) Western European Party Systems: Trends and Prospects, pp. 161-184. New York: Free Press.
14.
Jay, Anthony and Jonathan Lynn (1990) `A Real Partnership', in the series Yes, Prime Minister. BBC.
15.
Katz, Richard S. (1990) `Party as Linkage: A Vestigial Function?'European Journal of Political Research18: 143-161
16.
Katz, Richard S. (1997) Democracy and Elections. New York: Oxford University Press.
17.
Katz, Richard S. and Peter Mair (1993) `The Evolution of Party Organizations in Europe: The Three Faces of Party Organization', American Review of Politics14: 593-617.
18.
Katz, Richard S. and Peter Mair (1995) `Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party', Party Politics1: 5-28.
19.
Katz, Richard S.et al. (1992) `The Membership of Political Parties in European Democracies, 1960-1990', European Journal of Political Science22: 329-345.
20.
King, Anthony (1981) `The Rise of the Career Politician in Britain and its Consequences', British Journal of Political Science11: 249-263.
21.
Kirchheimer, Otto (1966) `The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems', in Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner (eds) Political Parties and Political Development, pp. 177-200. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
22.
Koole, Ruud (1992) De Opkomst van de Moderne Kader Partij. Utrecht: Het Spectrum.
23.
Koole, Ruud (1996) `Cadre, Catch-all or Cartel? A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party', Party Politics2: 507-524.
24.
Lijphart, Arend (1968) The Politics of Accommodation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
25.
Lipset, Seymour Martin and Stein Rokkan (1967) `Cleavage Structure, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction', in Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan (eds) Party Systems and Voter Alignments, pp. 1-64. New York: Free Press.
26.
Mair, Peter (1997) Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
27.
Mayhew, David (1974) Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.
28.
McAllister, Ian (1997) `Australia', in Pippa Norris (ed.) Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies, pp. 15-32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
29.
Michels, Robert (1962) Political Parties. Glencoe: Free Press.
30.
Mill, John Stuart (1876) Principles of Political Economy. New York: D. Appleton.
31.
Müller, Wolfgang (1994) `The Development of Austrian Party Organizations in the Postwar Period', in Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair (eds) How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, pp. 51-79. London: Sage.
32.
Norris, Pippa (1997) `Introduction: Theories of Recruitment', in Pippa Norris (ed.) Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies, pp. 1-14. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
33.
Norris, Pippa (1999) `Recruitment into the European Parliament', in Richard S. Katz and Bernhard Wessels (eds) The European Parliament, the National Parliaments, and European Integration, pp. 86-104. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34.
Norris, Pippa and Joni Lovenduski (1995) Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
35.
Obler, Jeffrey (1973) `The Role of National Party Leaders in the Selection of Parliamentary Candidates: The Belgian Case', Comparative Politics5: 157-184.
36.
Panebianco, Angelo (1988) Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
37.
Ranney, Austin (1965) Pathways to Parliament. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
38.
Roberts, Geoffrey (1988) `The German Federal Republic: The Two-Lane Route', in Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh (eds) Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective, pp. 94-118. London: Sage.
39.
Sartori, Giovanni (1965) Democratic Theory. New York: Praeger.
40.
Scarrow, Susan E. (1996) Parties and their Members. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41.
Schattschneider, Elmer E. (1942) Party Government. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.
42.
Weber, Max (1958) `Politik als Beruf', in Gesammelte Politische Schriften. Tubingen: Mohr.
43.
Wessels, Bernhard (1997) `Germany', in Pippa Norris (ed.) Passages to Power: Legislative Recruitment in Advanced Democracies, pp. 76-97. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
