A century ago this year Durkheim (1898), in distinguishing collective from individual representations, separated sociology from psychology. In formulating his theory of social representations more than half a century later, Moscovici (1961/1976) established a sociological form of social psychology. Differences between sociological and psychological forms of social psychology are briefly discussed and a distinction is drawn between ancestors and founders. Durkheim is an ancestor of the theory of social representations whilst Moscovici is its founder. The rationale for moving from collective to social representations is outlined and a case established for a move, now, in the reverse direction. In modernizing Durkheim, Moscovici is more successful in preserving an explicitly social social psychology than he is in handling the notion of culture within his theory of social representations. Changes in the notion of culture in the period of late modernity are noted. Proposals are made for restoring the cultural dimension in (a) psychology and (b) social psychology.
Allport, G.W.
(1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 798-844). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
2.
Allport, G.W.
(1954). The historical background of modern social psychology. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. I, pp. 3-56). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3.
Aries, P.
(1962). Centuries of childhood. London: Cape.
4.
Bartlett, F.C.
(1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
Blumenthal, A.L.
(1975, November). A re-appraisal of Wilhelm Wundt. American Psychologist, pp. 1081-1088.
6.
Chombart de Lauwe, M.-J. (1971). Un monde autre: L'enfance. De ses representations a son mythe. Paris: Payot (2nd ed., 1979).
7.
Danziger, K.
(1979). The positivist repudiation of Wundt. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences, 15, 205-230.
8.
Danziger, K.
(1983). Origins and basic principles of Wundt's Volkerpsychologie. British Journal of Social Pyschology, 22, 303-313.
9.
de Rosa, A.
(1998). How to sell pullovers by promoting discussion on social issues: The role of advertising in activating and diffusing controversial social representations. In V. Rigas (Ed.), Social representations and contemporary social issues. Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
10.
Deutscher, I.
(1984). Choosing ancestors: Some consequences of the selection from intellectual traditions. In R.M. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Social representations (pp. 71-100). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11.
Douglas, M.
(1980). Evans-Pritchard. Glasgow: Fontana/Collins.
12.
Durkheim, E.
(1933). The division of labor in society. New York: Free Press. (Original work published 1893)
13.
Durkheim, E.
(1951). Suicide. New York: Free Press. (Original work published 1897)
14.
Durkheim, E.
(1898). Representations individuelles et representations collectives. Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale, 6, 273-302.
15.
Farr, R.M.
(1983a). Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) and the origins of psychology as an experimental and social science. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22(4), 289-301.
16.
Farr, R.M.
(1983b). The impact of Wundt on the development of social psychology: A critical reappraisal. In G. Eckhardt & L. Sprung (Eds.), Advances in the historiography of psychology (pp. 85-91). Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.
17.
Farr, R.M.
(1984). Social representations: Their role in the design and execution of laboratory experiments. In R.M. Farr and S. Moscovici (Eds.), Social representations (pp. 125-147). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18.
Farr, R.M.
(1989). The social and collective nature of representations. In J. Forgas & J.M. Innes (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 157-166). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
19.
Farr, R.M.
(1991). Individualism as a collective representation. In V. Aebischer, J.P. Deconchy, & E.M. Lipiansky (Eds.), Ideologies et representations sociales (pp. 129-143). Cousset: Del Val.
20.
Farr, R.M.
(1993). Common sense, science and social representations. Public Understanding of Science, 2, 111-122.
21.
Farr, R.M.
(1996). The roots of modern social psychology (1872-1954). Oxford: Blackwell.
22.
Farr, R.M.
, & Moscovici, S. (1984) On the nature and role of representations in self's understanding of others and self. In M. Cook (Ed.), Issues in person perception (pp. 1-27). London: Methuen.
23.
Freud, S.
(1912/1913). Totem and taboo. London: Hogarth Press.
24.
Halbwachs, M. (1925). Les cadres sociaux de la memoire. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
25.
Halbwachs, M.
(1951). The collective memory. New York: Harper & Row.
26.
Hofstede, G.
(1980). Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
27.
Hutchins, E.
(1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28.
Ichheiser, G.
(1949). Misunderstandings in human relations: A study in false social perception. American Journal of Sociology, 55(Suppl.), 1-72.
29.
Inkeles, A.
, & Levinson, D. (1954). National character: The study of modal personality and sociocultural systems. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 977-1020). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
30.
Jahoda, G.
(1982). Psychology and anthropology: A psychological perspective. London: Academic Press.
31.
Jahoda, G.
(1988). Critical notes and reflections on 'social representations'. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), 195-209.
32.
Jahoda, G.
(1992). Crossroads between culture and mind: Continuities and change in theories of human nature. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
33.
James, W.
(1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
34.
Jaques, E.
(1951). The changing culture of a factory: A study of authority and participation in an industrial setting. London: Tavistock.
35.
Jaspars, J.M.F.
, & Fraser, C. (1984). Attitudes and social representations. In R.M. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Social representations (pp. 101-123). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36.
Jones, E.E.
(1985). Major developments in social psychology during the past five decades. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 47-107). Vol. I. New York: Random House.
37.
Lukes, S.
(1973). Individualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
38.
Manicas, P.T.
(1987). A history and philosophy of the social sciences. Oxford: Blackwell.
39.
McGregor, D.
(1960). The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.
40.
Moscovici, S. (1961/1976). La psychanalyse: Son image et son public. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France (2nd ed., 1976).
41.
Moscovici, S.
(1963). Attitudes and opinions. Annual Review of Psychology, 14, 231-260.
42.
Moscovici, S.
(1984). The phenomenon of social representations. In R.M. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds.) Social representations (pp. 3-69). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43.
Moscovici, S.
(1988). Notes towards a description of social representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), 211-250.
44.
Moscovici, S.
(1997). Chronique des annees egarees. Paris: Editions Stock.
45.
Murchison, C.A.
(Ed.). (1935). Handbook of social psychology. Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
46.
Thomas, W.I.
, & Znaniecki, F. (1918-1920). The Polish peasant in Europe and America (5 vols.). Boston, MA: Badger.
47.
Triandis, H.C.
(1990). Cross-cultural studies in individualism and collectivism. In J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1989 (pp. 41-133). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
48.
Triandis, H.C.
(1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
49.
Weber, M. (1904/1905). Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus. Archivftir Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 20-21.
50.
Wundt, W. (1900-1920). Vdlkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwichlungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus und Sitte (10 vols.). Leipzig: Englemann.
51.
Wundt, W.
(1916). Elements offolk psychology: Outlines of a psychological history of the development of mankind. London: Allen & Unwin. (Original work published 1912)
52.
Wundt, W.
(1973). The language of gestures. The Hague: Mouton.
