Since the putative end of the Cold War, modernization is increasingly reimagined as a global process— as an expanding liberal zone of peace, a global civil society, or as emerging forms of global governance. Thus, new forms of modernization theory, what we call neo-modernization, have emerged as important theories of International Relations (IR). Such a convergence of events and theory permit us to examine the logical overlap between IR and modernization theory. IR fails to herald a unique contribution to social theory because it persistently avoids and denies the historical problem from which it surfaces, namely, the problem of what to do about cultural difference. Modernization theory provides an essential contribution to IR's avoidance of this central problem. While modernization theory implicitly relies on IR's freezing of difference into geopolitical containers, it also projects a natural and universal developmental sequence through which all cultures must pass. In this way modernization theory anticipates the eventual total homogenizing of difference into sameness. Surprisingly, while partners with IR in the joint venture to contain and then eradicate difference, modernization theory also offers an alternative vision. This recessive theme, what we call an ethnological politics of comparison, has the potential to transform IR into the science and art of facing, understanding and addressing difference.
Almond, Gabriel A.
(1960) `Introduction: A Functional Approach to Political Systems', in Gabriel A. Almond and James S. Coleman (eds) The Politics of Developing Areas, pp. 3-64. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
2.
Almond, Gabriel A.
(1978) `Comparative Politics', in Paul G. Lewis et al. (eds) The Practice of Comparative Politics: A Reader, 2nd edn, pp. 20-29. New York: Longman.
3.
Almond, Gabriel A.
, James S. Coleman, and Lucian W. Pye (1966) `Foreword', in Lucian W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development: An Analytic Study, pp. v-vi. Boston: Little, Brown.
4.
Almond, Gabriel A.
and G. Bingham Powell, Jr (1968) Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach. Boston: Little, Brown.
5.
Almond, Gabriel A.
and Sydney Verba (1963) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Boston: Little, Brown.
6.
Apter, David
(1965) The Politics of Modernization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7.
Apter, David
(1971) `Comparative Studies: A Review With Some Projections', in Ivan Vallier (ed.) Comparative Methods in Sociology: Essays on Trends and Applications, pp. 3-18. Berkeley: University of California Press.
8.
Banuri, Tariq
(1990) `Modernization and its Discontents: A Cultural Perspective on the Theories of Development', in Frederique Apffel-Marglin and Stephen A. Marglin (eds) Dominating Knowledge: Development, Culture, Resistance, pp. 73-101. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
9.
Barkawi, Tarak
and Mark Laffey (1999) `The Imperial Peace: Democracy, Force and Globalization', European Journal of International Relations5(4): 403-434.
10.
Berger, Suzanne
and Ronald Dore (eds) (1996) National Diversity and Global Capitalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
11.
Binder, Leonard
(1971) `Crises of Political Development', in Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development, pp. 3-72. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
12.
Black, C.E.
(1971) `Modernization', in Donald Hancock and Dankwart A. Rustow (eds) American Foreign Policy in International Perspective, pp. 5-25. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
13.
Blaney, David L.
(1992) `Equal Sovereignty and an African Statehood: Tragic Elements in the African Agenda in World Affairs', in Chih-yu Shih and Martha Cottam (eds) Contending Dramas: A Cognitive Approach to International Organizations, pp. 211-226. New York: Praeger.
14.
Blaney, David L.
(2001) `Realist Spaces/Liberal Bellicosities: Reading the Democratic Peace as World Democratic Theory', in Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey (eds) Democracy, Liberalism, War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debates, pp. 25-44. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
15.
Blaney, David L.
and Naeem Inayatullah (1994) `Prelude to a Conversation of Cultures in International Society? Todorov and Nandy on the Possibility of Dialogue', Alternatives19(1): 23-51.
16.
Blaney, David L.
and Naeem Inayatullah (2000) `The Westphalian Deferral', International Studies Review2(2): 26-64.
17.
Blaney, David L., and Mustapha Kamal Pasha (2000) `The (In)Civility of Global Civil Society', Manuscript.
18.
Brecher, Jeremy
, John Brown Childs and Jill Cutler (1993) Global Visions: Beyond the New World Order. Boston: South End.
19.
Brint, Michael
(1991) A Genealogy of Political Culture. Boulder, CO: Westview.
20.
Campbell, David
(1992) Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
21.
Chan, Steve
(1997) `In Search of Democratic Peace: Problems and Promise', Mershon International Studies Review41(supplement 1): 59-91.
22.
Chandler, David
(1999) Bosnia: Faking Democracy After Dayton. London: Pluto Press.
23.
Chilcote, Ronald H.
(1981) Theories of Comparative Politics: The Search for a Paradigm. Boulder, CO: Westview.
24.
Coleman, James S.
(1971) `The Development Syndrome: Differentiation, Equality, Capacity', in Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development, pp. 73-100. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
25.
Crush, Jonathan
(ed.) (1995) Power of Development. London and New York: Routledge.
26.
Dallmayr, Fred
(1996) Beyond Orientalism: Essays on Cross-Cultural Encounter. Albany, NY: SUNY.
27.
Diamond, Larry
(1990) `Beyond Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism', in Brad Roberts (ed.) The New Democracies: Global Change and US Policy, pp. 227-249. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28.
Fabian, Johannes
(1983) Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York: Columbia University Press.
29.
Falk, Richard
(1995) On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
30.
Forde, Steven
(1992) `Varieties of Realism: Thucydides and Machiavelli', The Journal of Politics54(2): 372-393.
31.
Forment, Carlos
(1996) `Peripheral Peoples and Narrative Identities: Arendtian Reflections on Late Modernity', in Seyla Benhabib (ed.) Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, pp. 314-330. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
32.
Geertz, Clifford
(1963) `The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New Sates', in Clifford Geertz (ed.) Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, pp. 105-157. New York: The Free Press.
33.
Geertz, Clifford
(1986) `The Use of Diversity', Michigan Quarterly Review21(1): 105-123.
34.
Gilpin, Robert
(1987) The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
35.
Girvin, Brian
(1989) `Change and Continuity in Liberal Democratic Political Culture', in John R. Gibbins (ed.) Contemporary Political Culture: Politics in a Postmodern Age, pp. 31-51. London: Sage.
36.
Gray, John
(1998) `Where Pluralists and Liberals Part Company', International Journal of Philosophic Studies6(1): 17-36.
37.
Gusfield, Joseph R.
(1967) `Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change', American Journal of Sociology72(4): 351-362.
38.
Habermas, Jürgen
(1997) `Kant's Idea of Perpetual Peace, with the Benefit of Two Hundred Years' Hindsight', in James Bohman and Mathais Lutz-Bachman (eds) Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant's Cosmopolitan Ideal, pp. 113-153. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
39.
Hague, Rod
, Martin Harrop and Shaun Breslin (1998) Political Science: A Comparative Introduction, 2nd edn. New York: Worth Publishers.
40.
Held, David
(1995) Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
41.
Hodgen, Margaret T.
(1964) Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
42.
Huntington, Samuel P.
(1969) Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CN, and London: Yale University Press.
43.
Huntington, Samuel P.
(1975) `The United States', in Michael Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission, pp. 59-118. New York: New York University Press.
44.
Huntington, Samuel P.
(1987) `The Goals of Development', in Myron Weiner and Samuel P. Huntington (eds) Understanding Political Development, pp. 3-32. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
45.
Huntington, Samuel P.
(1993) `The Clash of Civilizations?', Foreign Affairs72(3): 22-49.
46.
Huntington, Samuel P.
and Joan M. Nelson (1976) No Easy Choices: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
47.
Inaayatullah, Naeem (1996) `Retrieving Multiple and Overlapping Claims to Territory', manuscript, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York: 1-17.
48.
Inayatullah, Naeem
and David L. Blaney (1995) `Realizing Sovereignty', Review of International Studies21(1): 3-20.
49.
Inayatullah, Naeem
and David L. Blaney (1996) `Knowing Encounters: Beyond Parochialism in IR Theory', in Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil (eds) The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, pp. 65-84. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
50.
Inayatullah, Naeem and David L. Blaney (2000) `Intimate Indians.' Ithaca, NY and St Paul, MN, manuscript.
51.
Inkeles, Alex
(1975) `The Emerging Social Structure of the World', World Politics27: 467-495.
52.
Johnson Bagby, Laurie M.
(1994) `The Use and Abuse of Thucydides in International Relations', International Organizations48(1): 131-153.
53.
Kalleberg, Arthur L.
(1966) `The Logic of Comparison: A Methodological Note on the Comparative Study of Political Systems', World Politics19(1): 69-82.
54.
Kesselman, Mark
(1973) `Order or Movement? The Literature of Political Development as Ideology', World Politics26(1): 139-154.
55.
Kothari, Rajni
(1968) `Tradition and Modernity Revisited', Government and Opposition3(3): 273-293.
56.
Lane, Ruth
(1997a) The Art of Comparative Politics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
57.
Lane, Ruth
(1997b) The `Politics' Model: Political Science in Theory and Practice. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
58.
Lensu, Maria
(1998) `Review of Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community', Millennium27(2): 402-404.
59.
Levy, Marion J.
(1966) Modernization and the Structure of Societies: A Setting for International Affairs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
60.
Linklater, Andrew
(1998) The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
61.
Lipschutz, Ronnie D.
(1999) `Members Only? Citizenship and Civic Virtue in a Time of Globalization', International Politics36: 203-233.
62.
Looker, R.
(1978) `Comparative Politics: Methods or Theories?', in Paul G. Lewis et al. (eds) The Practice of Comparative Politics: A Reader, 2nd edn, pp. 305-338. New York: Longman.
63.
Lowenthal, Richard
(1962) `The Points of the Compass', in John H. Kautsky (ed.) Political Change in Underdeveloped Countries: Nationalism and Communism, pp. 335-347. New York: John Wiley.
64.
Macridis, Roy C.
(1978) `The Nature of Comparative Analysis', in Paul G. Lewis et al. (eds) The Practice of Comparative Politics: A Reader, 2nd edn, pp. 17-19. New York: Longman.
65.
Macridis, Roy C.
and Bernard E. Brown (eds) (1986) Comparative Politics: Notes and Readings, 6th edn.Chicago, IL: Dorsey Press.
66.
Mahler, Gregory S.
(2000) Comparative Politics: An Institutional and Cross-National Approach, 3rd edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
67.
Mayer, Lawrence C.
(1972) Comparative Political Inquiry. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
68.
Massicotte, Marie-Jos'ee
(1999) `Global Governance and the Global Political Economy', Global Governance5(1): 127-148.
69.
Mazrui, Ali A.
(1968) `From Social Darwinism to Current Theories of Modernization', World Politics21(1): 69-83.
70.
Mittelman, James
(1996) Globalization: Critical Reflections. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
71.
Moore, Wilbert
(1979) World Modernization: The Limits of Convergence. New York: Elsevier.
72.
Morse, Edward L.
(1976) Modernization and the Transformation of International Relations. New York: Free Press.
73.
`Multiple Modernities' (2000) Daedalus129(1).
74.
Nandy, Ashis
(1987) Traditions, Tyranny and Utopias: Essays in the Politics of Awareness. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
75.
Onuf, Nicholas G.
(1991) `Sovereignty: Outline of a Conceptual History', Alternatives16(4): 425-446.
76.
Onuf, Nicholas G.
(1998) The Republican Legacy in International Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77.
Organski, A.F.K.
(1965) The Stages of Political Development. New York: Alfred Knopf.
78.
Pasha
, Mustapha Kamal and David L. Blaney (1998) `Elusive Paradise: The Promise and Peril of Global Civil Society', Alternatives23(4): 417-450.
79.
Pye, Lucian W.
(1963) Communications and Political Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
80.
Pye, Lucian W.
(1966) Aspects of Political Development. Boston: Little, Brown.
81.
Pye, Lucian W.
(1968) `American Universities and the New States', in Nish Jamgotch (ed.) The University and International Relations: The Challenge of Tomorrow, pp. 13-22. Charlotte, NC: University Council Forum, University of North Carolina, Charlotte.
82.
Pye, Lucian W.
(1990) `Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism', American Political Science Review84(1): 3-19.
83.
Riggs, Fred W.
(1967) `The Theory of Political Development', in James C. Charlesworth (ed.) Contemporary Political Analysis, pp. 317-349. New York: The Free Press.
84.
Rosenau, James
(1990) Turbulence in World Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
85.
Rosenbaum, Walter A.
(1975) Political Culture. New York: Praeger.
86.
Rosenberg, Justin
(1994) The Empire of Civil Society. London: Verso.
87.
Rustow, Dankwart
(1967) A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization. Washington, DC: Brookings.
88.
Simpson, Christopher
(ed.) (1998) Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences During the Cold War. New York: The New Press.
89.
Singer, Max
and Aaron Wildavsky (1996) The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
90.
Tanji, Miyume
and Stephanie Lawson (1997) ` “Democratic Peace” and Asian Democracy: A Universalist-Particularist Tension', Alternatives22(1): 135-155.
91.
Teune, Henry
(1990) `Comparing Countries: Lessons Learned', in Else Oyen (ed.) Comparative Methodology: Theory and Practice in International Social Research, pp. 38-62. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
92.
Tipps, Dean C.
(1973) `Modernization Theory and the Comparative Studies of Societies: A Critical Perspective', Comparative Studies in Society and History15(2): 199-226.
93.
Todorov, Tzvetan
(1984) The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. New York: Harper and Row.
94.
Todorov, Tzvetan
(1995) The Morals of History. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
95.
Toulmin, Stephen
(1990) Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. New York: Free Press.
96.
Vallier, Ivan
(1971) `Empirical Comparisons of Social Structure: Leads and Lags', in Ivan Vallier (ed.) Comparative Methods in Sociology: Essays on Trends and Applications, pp. 203-263. Berkeley: University of California Press.
97.
Von Vorys, Karl
(1967) `Use and Misuse of Development Theory', in James C. Charlesworth (ed.) Contemporary Political Analysis, pp. 350-363. New York: Free Press.
98.
Walker, R.B.J.
(1988) One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
99.
Walker, R.B.J.
(1993) Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
100.
Walker, R.B.J.
(1999) `The Hierarchicalization of Political Community', Review of International Studies25(1): 151-156.
101.
Waltz, Kenneth N.
(1979) Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
102.
Watnick, Morris
(1962) `The Appeal of Communism to the Underdeveloped Peoples', in John H. Kautsky (ed.) Political Change in Underdeveloped Countries: Nationalism and Communism, pp. 316-334. New York: John Wiley.
103.
Wendt, Alex
(1999) Social Theory in International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
104.
Whitaker, Jr, C.S.
(1967) `A Dysrhythmic Process of Political Change', World Politics19(2): 190-217.
105.
Wilson, Frank
(1996) Concepts and Issues in Comparative Politics: An Introduction to Comparative Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
106.
Young, Tom
(1995) ` “A Project to be Realised”: Global Liberalism and Contemporary Africa', Millennium24(3): 527-546.
