International Relations scholars often treat international order as a byproduct of threats of military violence. Recent scholarship, however, has focused attention on security communities — nonviolent international orders that develop as a by-product of interstate collective identity. Yet it is unclear how these regimes could work during crises when collective identity is disrupted. This article argues that during such periods member states can use representational force, a form of power exercised through language, to stabilize their collective identity. Through an analysis of the Anglo-American security community during the 1956 Suez Crisis I demonstrate how both states relied on nonphysical but forceful expressions of power to `fasten' their identity against the disintegrating effects of their dispute. One effect was to stabilize the security community and preserve nonviolent order. While this illuminates one process by which security communities can weather crises, it also highlights that getting beyond guns does not necessarily mean getting beyond force.
Acheson, D.
(1969) Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: W.W. Norton.
2.
Adler, Emanuel
and Michael Barnett (1996) `Governing Anarchy: A Research Agenda for the Study of Security Communities', Ethics and International Affairs10: 63-98.
3.
Adler, Emanuel
and Michael Barnett (eds) (1998) Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4.
Allen, Harry C.
(1955) Great Britain and the United States: A History of Anglo-American Relations. New York: St. Martin's Press.
5.
Ashley, Richard
(1987) `Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics', AlternativesXII: 404-434.
6.
Ashley, Richard
(1988) `Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematic', Millennium17(2): 227-262.
7.
Baldwin, David
(ed.) (1993) Neorealism and Neoliberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
8.
Barnett, Michael N.
(1998) Dialogues in Arab Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
9.
Bartlett, Christopher J.
(1992) The Special Relationship: A Political History of Anglo-American Relations. New York: Longman.
10.
Bially, Janice (1998) `The Power Politics of Identity', PhD Dissertation, Yale University.
11.
Bially Mattern, Janice
(2000) `The Special Relationship', manuscript, Temple University.
12.
Bowie, Robert
and Richard Immerman (1998) Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped Enduring Cold War Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13.
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce
(2000) Principles of International Politics: People's Power, Preferences and Perceptions. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
14.
Bull, Hedley
(1977) The Anarchical Society. New York: Columbia University Press.
15.
Calhoun, Daniel F.
(1991) Hungary and Suez, 1956: An Exploration of Who Makes History. Lanham: University Press of America.
16.
Campbell, David
(1992) Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
17.
Claude, Inis L.
(1984) Swords in Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization. New York: McGraw Hill.
18.
Connolly, William E.
(1974) The Terms of Political Discourse. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
19.
Corlett, William
(1989) Community Without Unity: A Politics of Derridean Extravagance. Durham: Duke University Press.
20.
Cronin, Bruce
(1999) Community Under Anarchy: Transnational Identity and the Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Columbia University Press.
21.
Danchev, Alex
(1998) On Specialness: Essays in Anglo-American Relations. New York: St Martin's Press.
22.
Dessler, David
(1999) `Constructivism within a Positive Social Science', Review of International Studies25: 123-137.
23.
Deutsch, K.
, R. A. Burrellet al. (1957) Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
24.
Dixon, Piers
(1968) Double Diplomacy: The Life of Sir Pierson Dixon. London: Hutchison.
25.
Dobson, Alan P.
(1988) The Politics of the Anglo-American Economic Special Relationship, 1940-1987. Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books.
26.
Doyle, Michael
(1997) Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism. New York: W.W. Norton.
27.
Drezner, Daniel W.
(2000) `Bargaining, Enforcement, and Multilateral Sanctions: When is Cooperation Counterproductive?', International Organization54(1): 73-102.
28.
Elster, Jon
(1996) `Strategic Uses of Argument', in K.J. Arrow (ed.) Barriers to Conflict Resolution. New York: W.W. Norton.
29.
Frazer, Elizabeth
and Nicola Lacey (1993) The Politics of Community: A Feminist Critique of the Liberal-Communitarian Debate. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
30.
Gaddis, John Lewis
(1982) Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security. New York: Oxford University Press.
31.
Haas, Ernst
(1982) `Words can Hurt You: Or Who Said What To Whom About Regimes', International Organization36(2): 207-243.
Horne, Peter
(1989) Macmillan II. London: Macmillan.
34.
Jones, Peter
(1997) America and the British Labor Party: The Special Relationship at Work. New York: St Martin's Press.
35.
Kelly, Saul
(2000) `Transatlantic Diplomat: Sir Roger Makins. Ambassador to Washington and Joint Permanent Secretary to the Treasury', in Saul Kelly and Anthony Gorst (eds) Whitehall and the Suez Crisis, pp. 157-177. London: Frank Cass.
36.
Kentelton, John
(1987) `Eisenhower, Churchill, and the Balance of Terror', in Joann Krieg (ed.) Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier, President, Statesman. New York: Greenwood Press.
37.
Keohane, Robert O.
(1986) Neorealism and its Critics. New York: Columbia University Press.
38.
Krasner, Stephen D.
(1982) `Regimes and the Limits of Realism: Regimes as Autonomous Variables', International Organization36(2): 497-510.
39.
Linklater, Andrew
(1998) The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
40.
Lloyd, Selwyn
(1978) Suez 1956: A Personal Account. London: Cape.
41.
Louis, Wm Roger
and Hedley Bull (eds) (1986) Special Relationship: Anglo-American Relations since 1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
42.
Lucas, Scott
(1991) Divided We Stand: Britain, the US and the Suez Crisis. London: Hodder-Stoughton Press.
43.
Lucas, Scott
(1996) Britain and Suez: The Lion's Last Roar. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
44.
Lyotard, Jean François
(1979) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
45.
Lyotard, Jean François
(1988) Le Differend. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
46.
McSweeny, Bill
(1999) Security, Identity, and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47.
May, Todd
(1997) Reconsidering Difference: Nancy, Derrida, Levinas, and Deleuze. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
48.
Milliken, Jennifer
(1999) `The Study of Discourse in International Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods', European Journal of International Relations5(2): 225-254.
49.
Mosely, Leonard
(1978) Dulles: Biography of Eleanor, Allen, and John Foster Dulles and their Family Network. New York: Dial Press.
50.
Neff, Donald
(1981) Warriors at Suez. New York: Simon and Schuster.
51.
Neumann, Iver B.
(1999) Uses of the Other: The East in European Identity Formation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
52.
Neustadt, Richard E.
(1970) Alliance Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
53.
Nutting, Anthony
(1967) No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez. New York: C.N. Potter.
54.
O'Neill, Barry
(1999) Honor, Symbols, and War. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
55.
Ovendale, Ritchie
(1985) The English Speaking Alliance: Britain, the United States, the Dominions and the Cold War 1945-51. London: George Allen and Unwin.
56.
Pineau, Christian
(1976) 1956 Suez. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont.
57.
Poster, Mark
(1998) `Postmodernity and the Politics of Multiculturalism: The Lyotard-Habermas Debate over Social Theory', in Jean-Joseph Goux and Philip R. Wood (eds) Terror and Consensus: The Vicissitudes of French Thought, pp. 104-118. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
58.
Powell, Robert
(1999) In the Shadow of Power: States and Strategies in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
59.
Rescher, Nicholas
(1996) Process Philosophy: An Introduction to Process Philosophy. Albany: State University Press.
60.
Richardson, Louise
(1996) When Allies Differ: Anglo-American Relations During the Suez and Falklands Crisis. New York: St Martin's Press.
61.
Risse, Thomas
(2000) ` “Let's Argue!”: Communicative Action in World Politics', International Organization54(1): 1-40.
62.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas
(1995) Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on US Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
63.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas
(1996) `Collective Identity in a Democratic Community: The Case of NATO', in Peter Katzenstein (ed.) The Culture of National Security, pp. 357-397. New York: Columbia University Press.
64.
Rosenberg, Justin P.
(1987) `The Foreign Policy Making Process', in Joann Krieg (ed.) Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier, President, Statesman. New York: Greenwood Press.
65.
Russett, Bruce
(1993) Grasping the Democratic Peace. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
66.
Russett, Bruce
(1998) `A Neo-Kantian Perspective: Democracy, Interdependence and International Organization', in Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds) Security Communities, pp. 368-394. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67.
Sarup, Madan
(1993) An Introductory Guide to Post-structuralism and Postmodernism. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
68.
Schelling, Thomas C.
(1966) Arms and Influence. New Haven: Yale University Press.
69.
Schoppa, Leonard J.
(1999) `The Social Context in Coercive International Bargaining', International Organization53(2): 307-342.
70.
Stein, Arthur
(1993) `Coordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World', in David Baldwin (ed.) Neorealism and Neoliberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
71.
Walker, R.B.J.
(1990) `Security, Sovereignty, and the Challenge of World Politics', Alternatives15: 3-27.
72.
Wendt, A.
(1992) `Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization46(2): 393-425.
73.
Wendt, A.
(1994) `Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review90(2): 384-396.
74.
Wendt, A.
(1995) `Constructing International Politics', International Security20(1): 71-81.
75.
Wendt, A.
(1999) Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
76.
White, Hayden
(1987) The Content of the Form. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
77.
Wrong, Dennis
(1988) Power: Its Forms and Bases. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
