ThompsonAJBanwellBLBarkhofF, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol2018; 17: 162–173.
2.
KellySBChailaEKinsellaK, et al. Using atypical symptoms and red flags to identify non-demyelinating disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2012; 83(1): 44–48.
3.
SolomonAJCorboyJR.The tension between early diagnosis and misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol2017; 13: 567–572.
4.
TallantyreECDixonJEDonaldsonI, et al. Ultra-high-field imaging distinguishes MS lesions from asymptomatic white matter lesions. Neurology2011; 76(6): 534–539.
5.
SatiPOhJConstableRT, et al. The central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A consensus statement from the North American imaging in multiple sclerosis cooperative. Nat Rev Neurol2016; 12(12): 714–722.
6.
SinneckerTClarkeMAMeierD, et al. Evaluation of the central vein sign as a diagnostic imaging biomarker in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. Epub ahead of print 19 August 2019. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2478.
7.
MaggiPAbsintaMSatiP, et al. The “central vein sign” in patients with diagnostic “red flags” for multiple sclerosis: a prospective multicenter 3T study. Mult Scler2020; 26(4): 421–432.
8.
ClarkeMASamaraweeraAPFalahY, et al. Single test to ARrive at multiple sclerosis (STAR-MS) diagnosis: a prospective pilot study assessing the accuracy of the central vein sign in predicting multiple sclerosis in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. Mult Scler2020; 26(4): 433–441.
9.
MistryNAbdel-FahimRSamaraweeraA, et al. Imaging central veins in brain lesions with 3-T T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging differentiates multiple sclerosis from microangiopathic brain lesions. Mult Scler2016; 22(10): 1289–1296.
10.
SolomonAJWattsROntanedaD, et al. Diagnostic performance of central vein sign for multiple sclerosis with a simplified three-lesion algorithm. Mult Scler2018; 24: 750–757.
11.
MaggiPAbsintaMGrammaticoM, et al. Central vein sign differentiates Multiple Sclerosis from central nervous system inflammatory vasculopathies. Ann Neurol2018; 83(2): 283–294.
12.
DworkinJDSASati PPhamDWattsR, et al. Automated detection of central vein sign in white matter lesions for the diagnosis of MS. Mult Scler J2017; 23: 85–426.
13.
CalabreseMGasperiniCTortorellaC, et al. “Better explanations” in multiple sclerosis diagnostic workup: a 3-year longitudinal study. Neurology2019; 92(22): e2527–e2537.
