US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service. Smoking and health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, 1964.
2.
EskandariehSHeydarpourPMinagarAet al. Multiple sclerosis epidemiology in East Asia, South East Asia and South Asia: A systematic review. Neuroepidemiology2016; 46: 209–221.
3.
NimitphongHHolickMF.Vitamin D status and sun exposure in southeast Asia. Dermatoendocrinol2013; 5: 34–37.
4.
SchleicherRLSternbergMRLacherDAet al. The vitamin D status of the US population from 1988 to 2010 using standardized serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D shows recent modest increases. Am J Clin Nutr2016; 104: 454–461.
5.
Langer-GouldABraraSMBeaberBEet al. Incidence of multiple sclerosis in multiple racial and ethnic groups. Neurology2013; 80: 1734–1739.
6.
Langer-GouldALucasRXiangAHet al. MS sunshine study: Sun exposure but not vitamin D is associated with multiple sclerosis risk in Blacks and Hispanics. Nutrients2018; 10: E268.
7.
MungerKLLevinLIHollisBWet al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA2006; 296: 2832–2838.
8.
LucasRMPonsonbyALDearKet al. Sun exposure and vitamin D are independent risk factors for CNS demyelination. Neurology2011; 76: 540–548.
9.
LucasRMTaylorBV.Challenges in exposure and outcome definition in neuroepidemiology: The case of vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Aust Epidemiol2013; 20: 4–8.
10.
ManginMSinhaRFincherK.Inflammation and vitamin D: The infection connection. Inflamm Res2014; 63: 803–819.
11.
BecklundBRSeversonKSVangSVet al. UV radiation suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of vitamin D production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2010; 107: 6418–6423.
12.
DeLucaHFPlumLA.Vitamin D deficiency diminishes the severity and delays onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Arch Biochem Biophys2011; 513: 140–143.
13.
MokryLERossSAhmadOSet al. Vitamin D and risk of multiple sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med2015; 12: e1001866.
14.
Langer-GouldALucasRMXiangAHet al. Vitamin D-binding protein polymorphisms, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, sunshine and multiple sclerosis. Nutrients2018; 10: E184.