MorrisZWhiteleyWNLongstrethWTJr, et alIncidental findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ2009; 339: b3016.
2.
OkudaDTMowryEMBeheshtianA, et alIncidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: The radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurology2009; 72(9): 800–805.
3.
SivaASaipSAltintasA, et alMultiple sclerosis risk in radiologically uncovered asymptomatic possible inflammatory-demyelinating disease. Mult Scler2009; 15(8): 918–927.
4.
LebrunCBensaCDebouverieM, et alUnexpected multiple sclerosis: Follow-up of 30 patients with magnetic resonance imaging and clinical conversion profile. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2008; 79(2): 195–198.
5.
De StefanoNCoccoELaiM, et alImaging brain damage in first-degree relatives of sporadic and familial multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol2006; 59(4): 634–639.
6.
BarkhofFFilippiMMillerDH, et alComparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Brain1997; 120(Pt 11): 2059–2069.
7.
TintoreMRoviraAMartinezMJ, et alIsolated demyelinating syndromes: Comparison of different MR imaging criteria to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol2000; 21(4): 702–706.
8.
MontalbanXTintoreMSwantonJ, et alMRI criteria for MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology2010; 74(5): 427–434.
9.
PolmanCHReingoldSCBanwellB, et alDiagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol2011; 69(2): 292–302.
10.
FilippiMRoccaMACiccarelliO, et alMRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol2016; 15(3): 292–303.
11.
ThompsonAJBanwellBLBarkhofF, et al. Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: 2017 Revisions of the “McDonald” Criteria. Lancet Neurol2017, in press.
12.
BashirALiptonRBAshinaS, et alMigraine and structural changes in the brain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology2013; 81(14): 1260–1268.
13.
CharilAYousryTARovarisM, et alMRI and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Expanding the concept of “no better explanation.”Lancet Neurol2006; 5(10): 841–852.
14.
GuptaANairSSchweitzerAD, et alNeuroimaging of cerebrovascular disease in the aging brain. Aging Dis2012; 3(5): 414–425.
15.
SatiPOhJConstableRT, et alThe central vein sign and its clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A consensus statement from the North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative. Nat Rev Neurol2016; 12(12): 714–722.
16.
GranbergTMartolaJKristoffersen-WibergM, et alRadiologically isolated syndrome—Incidental magnetic resonance imaging findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis, a systematic review. Mult Scler2012; 19: 271–280.
17.
OkudaDTSivaAKantarciO, et alRadiologically isolated syndrome: 5-year risk for an initial clinical event. PLoS ONE2014; 9(3): e90509.
18.
ForslinYGranbergTJumahAA, et alIncidence of radiologically isolated syndrome: A population-based study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol2016; 37: 1017–1022.
19.
Labiano-FontcubertaABenito-LeonJ.Radiologically isolated syndrome: An update on a rare entity. Mult Scler2016; 22: 1514–1521.
20.
EhlingRBstehGDi PauliF, et alRethinking the importance of paroxysmal and unusual symptoms as first clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis: They do matter. Mult Scler Relat Disord2016; 9: 150–154.
21.
LebrunCBlancFBrassatD, et alCognitive function in radiologically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler2010; 16: 919–925.
22.
AmatoMPHakikiBGorettiB, et alAssociation of MRI metrics and cognitive impairment in radiologically isolated syndromes. Neurology2012; 78(5): 309–314.
23.
Labiano-FontcubertaAMartinez-GinesMLAladroY, et alA comparison study of cognitive deficits in radiologically and clinically isolated syndromes. Mult Scler2016; 22(2): 250–253.
24.
PardiniMUccelliAGrafmanJ, et alIsolated cognitive relapses in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2014; 85(9): 1035–1037.
25.
OkudaDTMowryEMCreeBA, et alAsymptomatic spinal cord lesions predict disease progression in radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurology2011; 76(8): 686–692.
26.
LebrunCBensaCDebouverieM, et alAssociation between clinical conversion to multiple sclerosis in radiologically isolated syndrome and magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and visual evoked potential: Follow-up of 70 patients. Arch Neurol2009; 66(7): 841–846.
27.
LebrunCLe PageEKantarciO, et alImpact of pregnancy on conversion to clinically isolated syndrome in a radiologically isolated syndrome cohort. Mult Scler2012; 18(9): 1297–1302.
28.
RoccaMAAmatoMPDe StefanoN, et alClinical and imaging assessment of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol2015; 14(3): 302–317.
29.
LebrunCForzyGCollonguesN, et alTear analysis as a tool to detect oligoclonal bands in radiologically isolated syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris)2015; 171(4): 390–393.
30.
AbsintaMRoccaMAColomboB, et alPatients with migraine do not have MRI-visible cortical lesions. J Neurol2012; 259(12): 2695–2698.
31.
CalabreseMOhMSFavarettoA, et alNo MRI evidence of cortical lesions in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology2012; 79(16): 1671–1676.
32.
GeorgiW.Multiple sclerosis. Anatomopathological findings of multiple sclerosis in diseases not clinically diagnosed. Schweiz Med Wochenschr1961; 91: 605–607.
EngellT.A clinical patho-anatomical study of clinically silent multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand1989; 79(5): 428–430.
35.
JohannsenLGStenagerEJensenK.Clinically unexpected multiple sclerosis in patients with mental disorders. A series of 7301 psychiatric autopsies. Acta Neurol Belg1996; 96(1): 62–65.
36.
FreedmanMCreeBLublinF.Medscape great debate: Radiologically isolated syndrome. American Academy of Neurology (AAN) 62nd annual meeting 2010, Toronto, ON, Canada, 10–17 April 2010.
37.
TornatoreCPhillipsJTKhanO, et alConsensus opinion of US neurologists on practice patterns in RIS, CIS, and RRMS: Evolution of treatment practices. Neurol Clin Pract2016; 6(4): 329–338.
38.
GiorgioAStromilloMLDe LeucioA, et alAppraisal of brain connectivity in radiologically isolated syndrome by modeling imaging measures. J Neurosci2015; 35(2): 550–558.
39.
OkudaDTLebrun FrenayCSivaA, et alMulti-center, randomized, double-blinded assessment of dimethyl fumarate in extending the time to a first attack in radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) (ARISE Trial). Neurology2015; 84 (14Supplement P7.207).