This article deals with the steady and dynamic performance analysis of rough surface circular and multi-lobe journal bearings operating with non-Newtonian lubricant in turbulent regimes. The numerical solution of Reynold's equation was obtained using the finite element method. To account for surface roughness, the Patir and Cheng model was used, and fluid turbulent behavior was modeled using the turbulent theory as proposed by Ng and Pan. The non-Newtonian behavior of the lubricant is presented by the Rabinowitsch fluid model, and JFO boundary conditions are used to solve Reynold's equation, considering gaseous cavitation. The bearing with micro-roughness has been considered in numerical analysis and transverse roughness has been reported to improve bearing performance indices. Among the different bearing design configurations, the two-lobe bearing configuration provides significantly improves the minimum film thickness, hydrodynamic pressure, and dynamic parameters. The presence of turbulent flow and transverse surface roughness produces a synergistic effect that enhances the minimum film thickness, stiffness, and damping parameters of journal bearings. This study provides a detailed comparison between various bearing designs and recommends the use of two-lobe bearings for high-speed applications.
BouyerJFillonM. An experimental analysis of misalignment effects on hydrodynamic plain journal bearing performances. J Tribol2002; 124: 313–319.
2.
JangGHYoonJW. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of a hydrodynamic journal bearing considering the effect of a rotating or stationary herringbone groove. J Tribol2002; 124: 297–304.
3.
SunJChanglinG. Hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of journal bearing considering misalignment caused by shaft deformation. Tribol Int2004; 37: 841–848.
4.
RajputAKSharmaSC. Combined influence of geometric imperfections and misalignment of journal on the performance of four pocket hybrid journal bearing. Tribol Int2016; 97: 59–70.
5.
RaoTVVLNRaniAMAAwangM, et al.Stability analysis of double porous and surface porous layer journal bearing. Tribology-Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces2016; 10: 19–25.
6.
RahmatabadiADRashidiMR, et al.Preload effects on the static performance of multi-lobe fixed profile journal bearings with micropolar fluids. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2011; 225: 718–730.
7.
ChasalevrisA. Analytical evaluation of the static and dynamic characteristics of three-lobe journal bearings with finite length. J Tribol2015; 137: 041701.
8.
LinQBaoQ, et al.An investigation into the transient behavior of journal bearing with surface texture based on fluid-structure interaction approach. Tribol Int2018; 118: 246–255.
9.
ChettiBCrosbyWA. Preload effects on the static characteristics of three-lobe journal bearings lubricated with a couple stress fluid. Ind Lubricion Tribol2019; 71: 1136–1143.
10.
RaoTVVLNRaniAAM, et al.Static and stability analysis of partial slip texture multi-lobe journal bearings. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2020; 234: 567–587.
11.
ChristensenH. Stochastic models for hydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology1969; 184: 1013–1026.
12.
PatirNChengHS. An average flow model for determining effects of three-dimensional roughness on partial hydrodynamic lubrication. J Lubric Technol1978; 100: 12–17.
13.
TuragaRSekharAS, et al.The effect of roughness parameter on the performance of hydrodynamic journal bearings with rough surfaces. Tribol Int1999; 32: 231–236.
14.
SunJDengM, et al.Thermohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of misaligned plain journal bearing with rough surface. J Tribol2010; 132: 011704.
15.
WalickaAWalickiE, et al.Thrust bearing with rough surfaces lubricated by an Ellis fluid. Int J App Mech Engg2014; 19: 809–822.
16.
SanderDEAllmaierH, et al.Simulation of journal bearing friction in severe mixed lubrication–validation and effect of surface smoothing due to running-in. Tribol Int2016; 96: 173–183.
17.
ZhuSSunJLiB,et al.Thermal turbulent lubrication analysis of rough surface journal bearing with journal misalignment. Tribol Int2020; 144: 106109.
18.
JakobssonBFlobergL. The Finite Journal Bearing Considering Vaporization. Trans Chalmers University Tech, Guthenburg, Sweden, 1957; Report No. 190.
19.
OlssonKO. Cavitation in Dynamically Loaded Bearing. Trans of Chalmers University Tech, Guthenburg, Sweden, 1965; Report No. 380.
20.
VijayaraghavanDKeithT. Development and evaluation of a cavitation algorithm. Tribol Trans1989; 32: 225–233.
21.
KumarABookerJ. A finite element cavitation algorithm: application/validation. J Tribol1991; 113: 255–260.
22.
QiuYKhonsariM. On the prediction of cavitation in dimples using a mass conservative algorithm. J Tribol2009; 131: 041702.
23.
AlakhramsingSOstayenVR, et al.Thermo-hydrodynamic analysis of a plain journal bearing on the basis of a new mass conserving cavitation algorithm. Lubricants2015; 3: 256–280.
24.
WadaSHayashiH. Hydrodynamic lubrication of journal bearings by pseudo-plastic lubricants: part 2, experimental studies. Bulletin of JSME1971; 14: 279–286.
25.
RaghunandanaKMajumdarBC. Stability of journal bearing systems using non-Newtonian lubricants: a non-linear transient analysis. Tribol Int1999; 32: 179–184.
26.
NairKPNairVS, et al.Static and dynamic analysis of elastohydrodynamic elliptical journal bearing with micropolar lubricant. Tribol Int2007; 40: 297–305.
27.
GertzosKPNikolakopoulosPG, et al.CFD Analysis of journal bearing hydrodynamic lubrication by Bingham lubricant. Tribol Int2008; 41: 1190–1204.
28.
MorrisNJShahmohamadiH, et al.Combined experimental and multiphase computational fluid dynamics analysis of surface textured journal bearings in mixed regime of lubrication. Lub Sci2018; 30: 161–173.
29.
NgatilahSYPujiastutiC. CFD Analysis of journal bearing with a heterogeneous rough/smooth surface. Lubricants2021; 9: 88.
30.
ShenoyBSBinuKG, et al.Effect of nanoparticles additives on the performance of an externally adjustable fluid film bearing. Tribol Int2012; 45: 38–42.
31.
JainDSharmaSC. Two-lobe geometrically imperfect hybrid journal bearing operating with power law lubricant. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2015; 229: 30–46.
32.
KhatriCBSharmaSC. Influence of textured surface on the performance of non-recessed hybrid journal bearing operating with non-Newtonian lubricant. Tribol Int2016; 95: 221–235.
LorenzNOffnerG, et al.Fast thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic modeling approach for mixed lubricated journal bearings in internal combustion engines. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2015; 229: 962–976.
35.
DhanolaAGargHC. Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic (TEHD) study of journal bearing lubricated with biodegradable nanolubricant. J Braz Soc Mechanical Sciences Engg2021; 43: 1–16.
36.
HamiltonDWalowitJ, et al.A theory of lubrication by microirregularities. Jl of Basic Engineering1966; 88: 177–185.
37.
AnnoJWalowitJ, et al.Load support and leakage from microasperity-lubricated face seals. J Lubric Technol1969; 91: 726–731.
38.
CupillardSGlavatskihS, et al.Computational fluid dynamics analysis of a journal bearing with surface texturing. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2008; 222: 97–107.
39.
YangHRatchevS, et al.Rapid manufacturing of non-assembly complex micro-devices by microstereolithography. Tsinghua Science & Technology2009; 14: 164–167.
40.
CoblasDGFatuA, et al.Manufacturing textured surfaces: state of art and recent developments. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2015; 229: 3–29.
41.
Tala-IghilNFillonM, et al.Effect of textured area on the performances of a hydrodynamic journal bearing. Tribol Int2011; 44: 211–219.
ManserBBelaidiI, et al.Texture shape effects on hydrodynamic journal bearing performances using mass-conserving numerical approach. Tribology-Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces2020; 14: 33–50.
44.
PattnayakMRPandeyRK, et al.Performance improvement of an oil-lubricated journal bearing using bionic-textures fused micro-pockets. J of Tribol2021; 144: 041804.
45.
NgCWPanCHT. A linearized turbulent lubrication theory. J of Basic Engineering1965; 87: 675–682.
46.
AndresSLChildsD, et al.Turbulent-flow hydrostatic bearings: analysis and experimental results. Int J of Mechanical Sciences1995; 37: 815–829.
47.
HashimotoHMatsumotoK. Improvement of operating characteristics of high-speed hydrodynamic journal bearings by optimum design: part I—formulation of methodology and its application to elliptical bearing design. J. Tribol2001; 123: 305–312.
48.
GaoGYinZ, et al.Numerical analysis of plain journal bearing under hydrodynamic lubrication by water. Tribol Int2014; 75: 31–38.
49.
JainDSharmaSC. Combined influence of geometric irregularities of journal and turbulence on the performance of four-lobe hybrid journal bearing. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2015; 229: 1409–1424.
50.
FengHJiangS, et al.Investigations of the static and dynamic characteristics of water-lubricated hydrodynamic journal bearing considering turbulent, thermohydrodynamic and misaligned effects. Tribol Int2019; 130: 245–260.
51.
AriharaHKameyamaY, et al.A thermoelastohydrodynamic analysis for the static performance of high-speed—heavy load tilting-pad journal bearing operating in the turbulent flow regime and comparisons to test data. J of Engg Gas Turbines & Power2019; 141: 021023.
52.
XuBGuoH, et al.Static and dynamic characteristics and stability analysis of high-speed water-lubricated hydrodynamic journal bearings. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2022; 236: 701–720.
53.
KumarVSharmaSC. Performance analysis of rough surface hybrid thrust bearing with elliptical dimples. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2021; 235: 1101–1113.
