The objective of the study was to explore the vibration signal responses on the surface damage of wheel materials using a JD-1 wheel–rail simulation facility. Vibration signals were extracted using the methods of local mean decomposition and Hilbert envelope spectrum. The surface damage of wheel rollers varies with different tangential forces. The results indicate that the surface damage of wheel materials has a corresponding characteristic frequency under different tangential forces conditions. When surface cracks appear on the surface of wheel rollers, the characteristic frequency of wheel roller is about 1830 Hz. However, the characteristic frequencies are about 800 Hz and 73 Hz for peeling and spalling damage on wheel roller. Multifractal dimensions of the vibration signals quantificationally identify and distinguish the surface damage types of wheel rollers, which can provide a meaningful guidance for the subsequent online detection of surface damage of wheel materials.
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