The paper highlights gender as a main force in the distribution of power and resources in the global economy. As more Latin American women join the labor force, men partake of a two-fold experience; while some are making gains as technicians and professionals, many more are working in jobs with characteristics formerly associated with female employment. As workforces reconfigure on the basis of gender, men and women confront new dilemmas about their proper roles in society.
References
1.
Balassa, Bela (1981) The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy. New York: Pergamon.
2.
Bell, Daniel (1976) The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. New York: Basic Books.
3.
Benería, Lourdes , ed. (1982) Women and Development: The Sexual Division of Labor in Rural Societies. New York: Praeger.
4.
Benería, Lourdes and Sen, Gita (1986) `Accumulation, Reproduction, and Women's Role in Economic Development: Boserup Revisited', in Eleanor B. Leacock and Helen I. Safa (eds) Women's Work: Development and the Division of Labor by Gender. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
5.
Bethell, Leslie , ed. (1984) Colonial Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6.
Boserup, Ester (1970) Woman's Role in Economic Development. New York: St Martin's Press.
7.
Bourque, Susan C. (1985) `Urban Activists: Paths to Political Consciousness in Peru', in Susan C. Bourque and Donna C. Divine (eds) Women Living Change. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
8.
Bradby, Barbara (1977) `The Non-Valorisation of Women's Labour', Critique of Anthropology3(9/10): 131-138.
9.
Cardona Gutiérrez, Ramiro , et al. (1983) Migracién de Colombianos a Venezuela. Bogotá: Corporación Centro Regional de Población.
10.
Cardoso, Fernando H. and Faletto, Enzo (1969) Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina. Mexico, DF: Siglo Veintiuno.
11.
CGJF (Coordinación de Grupos de las Jornadas Feministas) , eds (1987) Jornadas feministas: Feminismo y sectores populares en América Latina. Mexico, DF: Editorial Electrocomp.
12.
Chant, Sylvia (1991) Women and Survival in Mexican Cities: Perspectives on Gender, Labour Markets, and Low-Income Households. New York: Manchester University Press.
13.
Chase-Dunn, Christopher (1989) Global Formation: Structures of the World Economy. New York: Basil Blackwell.
14.
Deere, Carmen Diana (1978) The Development of Capitalism in Agriculture and the Division of Labor by Sex, unpublished PhD thesis, University of California at Berkeley.
15.
Deere, Carmen Diana (1990) Household and Class Relations: Peasants and Landlords in Northern Peru. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16.
Drucker, Peter (1977) `The Rise of Production Sharing', The Wall Street Journal (15 March).
17.
Drucker, Peter (1982) The Changing World of the Executive. New York: Times Books.
18.
Edholm, Felicity (1977) `Conceptualising Women', Critique of Anthropology3(9/10): 101-130.
19.
Ehrenreich, Barbara (1984) The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
20.
Engels, Frederick (1884) The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, 1972 edn. New York: International Publishers.
21.
Enloe, Cynthia (1990) Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
22.
Evans, Peter B. , Rueschemeyer, Dietrich and Skocpol, Theda, eds (1985) Bringing the State Back In. New York: Cambridge University Press.
23.
Fatemi, Khosrow (1990) The Maquiladora Industry: Economic Solution or Problem?New York: Praeger.
24.
Fernández Kelly, M. Patricia (1983) For We Are Sold, I and my People: Women and Industry in Mexico's Frontier. Albany: State University of New York Press.
25.
Fernández Kelly, M. Patricia (1987) `Technology and Employment Along the U.S.-Mexico Border', in Cathryn L. Thorup (ed.) The United States of Mexico: Face to Face with New Technology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.
26.
Fernández Kelly, M. Patricia (1989) `Broadening the Scope: Gender and International Economic Development', Sociological Forum4(4): 611-635.
27.
Fernández Kelly, M. Patricia (1990) `International Development and Industrial Restructuring: The Case of Garment and Electronics in Southern California', in William Tabb and Arthur McEwan (eds) Instability and Change in the World Economy. New York: Monthly Review Press.
28.
Fernández Kelly, M. Patricia and Garcda, Anna M. (1990) `Power Surrendered, Power Restored: The Politics of Home and Work Among Hispanic Women in Southern California and Southern Florida', in Louise Tilly and Patricia Guerin (eds) Women, Politics, and Change. New York: The Russell Sage Foundation.
29.
Frobel, Folker , Heinrichs, Jurgen and Kreye, Otto (1981) The New International Division of Labour. New York: Cambridge University Press.
30.
Grasmuck, Sherri and Pessar, Patricia (1991) Between Two Islands: Dominican International Migration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
31.
Griffin, Larry , Wallace, Michael and Rubin, Beth A. (1986) `Capitalist Resistance to the Organization of Labor Before the New Deal: Why? How? Success?', American Sociological Review51: 147-167.
32.
Hahner, June E. (1990) Emancipating the Female Sex. The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil, 1850-1940. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
33.
Hartmann, Heidi I. (1987) `Changes in Women's Economic and Family Roles in Post-World War II United States', in Lourdes Beneréa and Catharine R. Stimpson (eds) Women, Households, and the Economy. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
34.
Heyman, Josiah McC. (1991) Life and Labor on the Border: Working People of Northeastern Sonora, Mexico, 1886-1986. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
35.
Hondagneu Sotelo, Pierette (forthcoming) Gendered Transitions: The Settlement of Undocumented Mexicans in a California Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36.
Hutchison, Elizabeth (1992) `El feminismo en el movimiento obrero Chileno: La emancipación de la mujer en la prensa obrera feminist 1905-1980', Documento de Trabajo, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Santiago de Chile.
37.
ILO (1987) Yearbook of Labour Statistics. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
38.
ILO (1988) Economic and Social Effects of Multinational Enterprises in Export-Processing Zones. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
39.
Inkeles, Alex and Smith, D. (1974) Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40.
Inter American Development Bank (1990) Economic and Social Progress in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB.
41.
Jaquette, Jane, S. , ed. (1991) The Women's Movement in Latin America: Feminism and the Transition to Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
42.
Jelín, Elizabeth (1977) `Migration and Labor Force Participation of Latin American Women: The Domestic Servants in the Cities', Signs3: 129-141.
43.
Jelín, Elizabeth (1990) Women and Social Change in Latin America. London: Zed Books.
44.
Kessler Harris, A. (1981) Women Have Always Worked: A Historical Overview. Old Westbury, NY: McGraw-Hill.
45.
Koido, Akihiro (1992) Between Two Forces of Restructuring: U.S.-Japan Competition and the Transformation of Mexico's Maquiladora Industry, unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Sociology, The Johns Hopkins University.
46.
Malcolm, Ian , Little, David, Scitovsky, Tibor, and Scott, Maurice (1970) Industry and Trade in Some Developing Countries: A Comparative Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
47.
Mill, John Stuart (1869) The Subjection of Women. London: Longman.
48.
Nash, June (1975) `A Critique of Social Science Models of Contemporary Society: A Feminine Perspective', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences260: 84-100.
49.
Nash, June and Fernandez Kelly, M. Patricia, eds (1983) Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. Albany: State University of New York Press.
50.
Nash, June and Safa, Helen I., eds (1980) Sex and Class in Latin America: Women's Perspectives on Politics, Economics and the Third World. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
51.
Nash, June and Safa, Helen I. (1988) Women and Change in Latin America. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
52.
Navarro-Aranguren, Marysa (1992) `The Construction of a Latin American Feminist Identity', in Alfred Stephan (ed.) Americas: New Interpretive Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.
53.
O'Brien, Philip J. (1975) `A Critique of Latin American Theories of Dependency', in Ivar Oxaal, Tony Barnett and David Booth (eds) Beyond the Sociology of Development. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
54.
Paz, Octavio (1961) Labyrinth of Solitude. New York: Grove Press.
55.
Pedraza, Sylvia (1991) `Women and Migration: The Social Consequences of Gender', Annual Review of Sociology17: 303-325.
56.
Portes, Alejandro , Castells, Manuel and Benton, Lauren A. (1989) The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
57.
Portes, Alejandro and Walton, John (1981) Labor, Class, and the International System. New York: Academic Press.
58.
Prebisch, Raul (1950) The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems. New York: United Nations.
59.
Rapp, Rayna (1982) `Family and Class in Contemporary America: Notes toward the Understanding of Ideology', in Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yalom (eds) Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions. New York: Longman.
60.
Roberts, Bryan, R. (1991) `Household Coping Strategies and Urban Poverty in a Comparative Perspective', in M. Gottdiener and Chris G. Pickvance, Urban Life in Transition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
61.
Safa, Helen I. (1990) `Women's Social Movements in Latin America', Gender and Society4(3): 353-359.
62.
Safa, Helen I. and Flora, Cornelia Butler (1992) `Production, Reproduction, and the Polity: Women's Strategic and Practical Gender Issues', in Alfred Stepan (ed.) Americas: New Interpretive Essays. New York: Oxford University Press.
63.
Sandorson, Steven , ed. (1985) The Americas in the New International Division of Labor. New York: Holmes and Meier.
Scott, Joan W. (1986) `Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis', The American Historical Review91: 1053-1075.
66.
Selby, Henry A. , Murphy, Arthur D. and Lorenzen, Stephen A. (1990) The Mexican Urban Household: Organizing for Self-Defense. Austin: University of Texas Press.
67.
Skidmore, Thomas and Smith, Peter H. (1989) Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
68.
Smelser, Neil (1959) Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
69.
Spalter-Roth, Roberta , Hartmann, Heidi I. and Andrews, Linda M. (1990) `Mothers, Children, and Low-Wage Work: The Ability to Earn a Family Wage', revised version of a paper presented at the 85th Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Session on Women and Public Policy, mimeo.
70.
Stevens, Evelyn P. (1973) `Marianismo: The Other Face of Machismo in Latin America', in Ann Pescatello (ed.) Female and Male in Latin America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
71.
Tilly, Louise A. and Scott, Joan W. (1987) Women, Work and Family. New York: Methuen.
72.
Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974) The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy. New York: Academic Press.
73.
Ward, Kathryn (1987) Women and the Global Economy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
74.
Wollstonecraft, Mary (1892) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. London: W. Scott.
75.
Zaretsky, Eli (1982) `The Place of the Family in the Origins of the Welfare State', in Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yalom (eds) Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions. New York: Longman.
