This article concentrates on the rapid growth of trafficking in women from Eastern and Central Europe who end up working in the sex industry in Athens. Such movement of people is constituted around global networks of female labour. The social processes and mechanisms that produce and reproduce the somatic and social exploitation of female migrants caught in the web of the sex industry are analysed. These processes are responsible for a continuation and accentuation of women’s loss of power to represent their interests, to seek viable economic alternatives. The living and working spaces of these women rest upon their isolation and individuation and total control of their everyday activities. Ethnicity, age and racialized exclusions all intersect with sexist relations and practices within Greek society and the ethnic communities under study. The interplay of these processes operates differently within different ethnic groups of women to produce different outcomes.
Anthias, F. (1998) ‘The Limits of Ethnic “Diversity” ‘, Patterns of Prejudice32(4): 5–19.
2.
Anthias, F. and G. Lazaridis (1999) Into the Margins: Migration and Exclusion inSouthern Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
3.
Appadurai, A. (1986) The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4.
Barry, K. (1997) ‘Prostitution of Sexuality: A Cause for New International Human Rights’, Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss2: 27–48.
5.
Brussa, L. (1998) ‘The TAMPEP Project in Western Europe’, pp. 246–259 in K. Kempadoo and J. Doezema (eds) Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance and Redefinition. Routledge: London.
6.
Butterweck, B. (1998) ‘La Strada Ceska republika’, pp. 77–80 in La Strada Ceska republica (ed.) Traffic in Women in Postcommunist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, papers presented at the Czech-Ukrainian Conference, Prague, 27–28 November.
7.
Castillo, D.A., M.G. Rangel Gomez and B. Delgado (1999) ‘Border Lives: Prostitute Women in Tijuana’, Signs, 24(2): 387–422.
8.
Castles, S. and M.J. Miller (1993) The Age of Migration. London: Macmillan.
9.
Chancer, L.S. (1993) ‘Prostitution, Feminist Theory and Ambivalence: Notes from the Sociological Underground’, Social Text37 (winter): 143–171.
10.
Chatzi, T. (1980) Prostitute. Athens: Odysseas (in Greek).
11.
Chronas, G. (1989) The Woman from Patra. Athens: Sigareta (in Greek).
12.
Commission of the European Communities (1993) ‘Green Paper: European Social Policy’, Consultative Document, Com (93) 551-551.
13.
Devine, F. (1995) ‘Qualitative Methods’, pp. 137–153 in D. Marsh and G. Stoker (eds) Theory and Methods in Political Science. London: Macmillan.
14.
Fakiolas, R. (1999) ‘Socio-Economic Effects of Immigration in Greece’, Journal of European Social Policy9(3): 211–229.
15.
Ferrera, M. (1996) ‘The “Southern Model” of Welfare in Social Europe’, Journal of European Social Policy6(1): 17–37.
16.
Giddens, A. (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism inModern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.
17.
Giobbe, E. (1990) ‘Confronting the Liberal Lies about Prostitution’, in D. Leidholdt and J.G. Raymond (eds) The Sexual Liberals and the Attack on Feminism. New York: Pergamon Press.
18.
Goffman, E. (1974) Stigma. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
19.
Hirschon, R. (1978) ‘Open Body, Closed Space: The Transformation of Female Sexuality’, pp. 66–88 in S. Ardener (ed.) Defining Females: The Nature of Women in Society. London: Croom Helm.
20.
IOM (International Organization for Migration) (1995) ‘Trafficking and Prostitution: The Growing Exploitation of Migrant Women from Central and Eastern Europe’, Report, Migration Information Programme, Budapest.
21.
IOM (1996) ‘European Conference on Trafficking in Women’,IOM NewsJune/July.
22.
Jeffreys, S. (1997) The Idea of Prostitution. Melbourne: Spinifex.
23.
Kandaraki, M. (1997) ‘Refugee and Migrant Women Victims of Trafficking’, paper presented at the conference ‘Criminals in the 21st Century’, EKKE, Athens, 10–11 April.
24.
King, R., ed. (1993) The New Geography of European Migrations. London: Belhaven.
25.
Kornarou, E. and A. Roumeliotou (1997) ‘HIV Infection in Relation to Mobile Populations: The Problem of Prostitutes in Greece’, Greek Archives for AIDS5(4): 380–385.
26.
Kornarou, E., A. Papoutsakis and A. Roumeliotou (1995) ‘Existing Law and Practice Related to Conditions of Work of Prostitutes in European Countries’, Greek Archives for AIDS3(30): 256–272 (in Greek).
27.
Koser, K. and H. Lutz (1998) ‘The New Migration in Europe: Contexts, Constructions and Realities’, pp. 1–17 in K. Koser and H. Lutz (eds) The New Migration in Europe: Social Constructions and Social Realities. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
28.
Lamas, M. (1993) ‘El fulgor de noche: Algunos aspectos de la prostitucion callejera en la ciudad de Mexico’, Debate feminista8: 103–133.
29.
Lazaridis, G. (1995) ‘Sexuality and its Cultural Construction in Rural Greece’, Journal of Gender Studies4(3): 281–295.
30.
Lazaridis, G. (1996) ‘Immigration to Greece: A Critical Evaluation of Greek Policy’, New Community22(2): 335–348.
31.
Lazaridis, G. (1999) ‘The Helots of the New Millennium’, pp. 105–121 in F. Anthias and G. Lazaridis (eds) Into the Margins: Migration in Southern Europe. Ashgate: Aldershot.
32.
Lazaridis, G. (2000) ‘Filipino and Albanian Women Migrant Workers in Greece: Multiple Layers of Oppression’, pp. 49–79 in F. Anthias and G. Lazaridis (eds) Gender and Migration in Southern Europe: Women on the Move. Oxford: Berg.
33.
Lazaridis, G. and J. Poyago-Theotoky (1999) ‘Undocumented Migrants in Greece: Issues of Regularisation’, International Migration Quarterly Review37(4): 715–738.
34.
Lazaridis, G. and I. Psimmenos (1999) ‘Albanian Migration in Greece: Economic, Social and Spatial Exclusion’, in R. King, G. Lazaridis and C. Tsardanidis (eds) Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
35.
Lazaridis, G. and C. Romaniszyn (1998) ‘Albanian and Polish Undocumented Workers in Greece: A Comparative Analysis’, Journal of European Social Policy8(1): 1–22.
36.
Lazaridis, G. and E. Wickens (1999) ‘ “US” and the “OTHERS”: Ethnic Minorities in Greece’, Annals of Tourism Research26(3): 632–655.
37.
Lazos, G. (1996) ‘The Problem in Greece: A General Review of the Situation’, O agoans tis Gynaekas63–4: 17–22 (in Greek).
38.
League of Nations (1921) International Conference on Traffic in Women and Children: Provisional Verbatim Report. Geneva: League of Nations.
39.
Lim, L. (1997) Flexible Labour Markets in a Globalizing World: The Implications of International Female Migrants, ILO Report. Geneva: ILO.
40.
Loizos, P. and E. Papataxiarchis (1991a) ‘Introduction: Gender and Kinship in Marriage and Alternative Contexts’, pp. 3–25 in P. Loizos and E. Papataxiarchis (eds) Contested Identities: Gender and Kinship in Modern Greece. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
41.
Loizos, P. and E. Papataxiarchis (1991b) ‘Gender, Sexuality, and the Person in Greek Culture’, pp. 221–234 in P. Loizos and E. Papataxiarchis (eds) Contested Identities: Gender and Kinship in Modern Greece. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
42.
Megapanou, A. (1988) Dialogue with Anna. Athens: Libro (in Greek).
43.
Millett, K. (1975) The Prostitution Papers. St Albans: Paladin Books.
44.
O’Connell Davidson, J. (1996) ‘Prostitution and the Contours of Control’, pp. 180–198 in J. Weeks and J. Holland (eds) Sexual Cultures: Communities, Values and Intimacy. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
45.
O’Neill, M. (1996) ‘Researching Prostitution and Violence: Towards a Feminist Praxis’, pp. 130–147 in M. Haster, L. Kelly and J. Radford (eds) Women, Violence and Male Power. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
46.
Papaevangelou, G., G. Roumeliotou, G. Kallinikow, G. Papoutsakis, E. Trichopoulou and T. Stefanou (1988) ‘Education in Preventing HIV Infection in Greek Registered Prostitutes’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes1: 386–389.
47.
Parsec (1998) ‘It traffico delle donne immigrate per sfruttamento sessuale: aspetti e problemi. Ricerca e analisi della situazione italiana, spagnola e greca e interventi sociali nel settore’, Report for the European Commission, DAPHNE Initiative.
48.
Patterson, O. (1982) Slavery and Social Death. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
49.
Petropoulos, E. (1980) The Brothel. Athens: Grammata (in Greek).
50.
Phizacklea, A. (1997) ‘Sex, Marriage and Maids’, paper presented at the conference ‘Non Military Aspects of Security in Southern Europe: Migration, Employment and Labour Market’, Santorini, Greece, 19–21 September.
51.
Phoenix, A. (1998) ‘Representing New Identities: “Whiteness” as Contested Identity in Young People’s Accounts’, pp. 109–123 in K. Koser and H. Lutz (eds) The New Migration in Europe: Social Constructions and Social Realities. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
52.
Piper, N. (1999) ‘Labour Migration, Trafficking and International Marriage: Female Cross-Border Movements into Japan’, Asian Journal of Women’s Studies5(2): 69–99.
53.
Psimmenos, I. (2000) ‘The Making of Periphractic Spaces: The Case of Albanian Undocumented Female Migrants in the Sex Industry in Athens’, pp. 81–102 in F. Anthias and G. Lazaridis (eds) Gender and Migration in Southern Europe. London: Berg.
54.
Roumeliotou, A. and E. Kornarou (1996) ‘Country Report Greece’, in R. Mark (ed.) European Intervention Projects AIDS Prevention Prostitutes. Germany: Academia Press.
55.
Rudolph, H. (1996) ‘The New Gastarbeiter System in Germany’, New Community22(2): 287–300.
56.
Salt, J. and J. Clarke (1996) ‘International Migration in Central and Eastern Europe’, New Community22(3): 513–529.
57.
Salt, J. and J. Stein (1997) ‘Migration as a Business: The Case of Trafficking’, International Migration Quarterly Review35(4): 467–494.
58.
Schwalbe, M.L. and D. Mason-Schrock (1996) ‘Identity Work as Group Process’, Advances in Group Processes13: 113–147.
59.
Stanley, L. (1990) Feminist Praxis. Routledge: London.
60.
Sullivan, B. (1992) ‘Feminist Approaches to the Sex Industry’, in S.A. Gerrull and B. Halstead (eds) Sex Industry and Public Policy. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
61.
Tsigris, A. (1996) ‘The Greek Court Practice’, O Agonas tis Gynaekas63–4: 23–31.
62.
UN (1995) ‘Platform for Action and the Beijing Declaration’, Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, 4–15 September.
63.
Van Dijk, N. (1998) ‘Trafficking in Women in the Postcommunist Countries in Central and Eastern Europe’, pp. 125–30 in La Strada Ceska republica (ed.) Traffic in Women in Postcommunist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, papers presented at the Czech-Ukrainian Conference, Prague27–28 November.
64.
Wallace, C., O. Chmouliar and E. Sidorenko (1996) ‘The Eastern Frontier of Western Europe: Mobility in the Buffer Zone’, New Community22(2): 259–286.
65.
White, P. (1993) ‘The Social Geography of Immigrants in European Cities: The Geography of Arrival’, pp. 47–66 in R. King (ed.) The New Geography of European Migrations. London: Belhaven.
66.
Wijers, M. (1998) ‘Causes and Effects of Trafficking in Women According to the Hague Declaration’, pp. 131–9 in La Strada Ceska republica (ed.) Traffic in Women in Postcommunist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, papers presented at the Czech-Ukrainian Conference, Prague27–28 November.
67.
Wijers, M. and L. Lap-Chew (1997) Trafficking in Women: Forced Labour and Slavery-Like Practices. Utrecht: STV.
68.
Zinovieff, S. (1991) ‘Hunters and Hunted: Kamaki and the Ambiguities of Sexual Predation in a Greek Town’, pp. 203–220 in P. Loizos and E. Papataxiarchis (eds) Contested Identities: Gender and Kinship in Modern Greece. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
69.
Zlotnik, H. (1995) ‘The South-to-North Migration of Women’, International Migration Review29(1): 229–254.
