Observed musical behaviour is a product of the interface between the individual's neuropsychobiological potential and their socio-cultural environment. This interface constantly shapes musical development and facilitates both cultural transmission and cultural transformation of dominant musical genres. The paradoxical outcomes are that cultures exhibit both musical change and stasis concomitant with musical behaviours that have both unique and common features at the level of the individual. The article rehearses a multidimensional model of the major developmental influences and draws on recent research data to provide examples of how such influences can be positive or negative.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adachi, M. & Trehub, S. (1998). Children's Expression of Emotion in Song. Psychology of Music, 26(2), 133-153.
2.
Aelred Watkin, D. (1941). Dean Cosyn and Wells Cathedral Miscellanea. London: Butler & Tanner Ltd.
3.
Barker, A. (1984). Greek Musical Writings: 1 The Musician and his Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4.
Bentley, A. (1968). MonotonesLondon: Novello.
5.
Bhowmick, J. (1998). [unpublished interview transcriptions, part of the data set collected for the 1996-1998 Leverhulme Trust-funded project Mapping South Asian Music in Britain: Genre, Demography and Cultural Meaning; project team: Farrell, G., Welch, G. F., Bhowmick, J. and Staunton, S. ].
6.
Brothers, L. (1997). Friday's Footprint. How Society Shapes the Human Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7.
Burns, E.M. (1999). Intervals, Scales, and Tuning. In D. Deutsch (Ed.). The Psychology of Music [2nd Edition]. (pp. 215-264). London: Academic Press.
8.
Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the Mind. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
9.
Carterette, E.C. & Kendall, R.A. (1999). Comparative Music Perception and Cognition. In D. Deutsch.The Psychology of Music [2nd Edition]. (pp. 725-791). London: Academic Press.
10.
Chinn, B.V. (1997). Vocal Self-Identification, Singing Style, and Singing Range in Relationship to a Measure of Cultural Mistrust in African-American Adolescent Females. Journal of Research in Music Education , 45(4), 636-649.
11.
Cooksey, J.M. (1997). Voice transformation in male adolescents. In L. Thurman & G.F. Welch (Eds.). Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education. (pp. 495-515). Iowa City: National Center for Voice and Speech.
12.
Cooksey, J.M. & Welch, G.F. (1998). Adolescence, singing development and National Curricula design. British Journal of Music Education, 15(1),99-119.
13.
Cottrell, S. (1998). Partnerships in the classroom. British Journal of Music Education, 15(3), 271-285.
14.
Davidson, J.W., Howe, M.J.A. & Sloboda, J.A. (1997). Environmental factors in the development of musical performance skill over the life span. In D. J. Hargreaves & A. C. North (Eds.). The Social Psychology of Music. (pp. 188-206) - Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15.
Davidson, L., McKernon, P. & Gardner, H. (1981). The acquisition of song: A developmental approach. Documentary Report of the Ann Arbor Symposium, Reston, Va:MENC.
16.
Davidson, L. (1994). Songsinging by Young and Old: A Developmental Approach to Music. In R. Aiello and J.A. Sloboda (Eds.). Musical Perceptions. (pp. 99-130). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17.
de Quadros, A. (1998). From old Ragas to New Voices: Experiencing contemporary Indian Choral Music. In B. Roberts. (Ed.). The Phenomenon of Singing. (pp. 178-183). St, John's, Newfoundland: Memorial University.
18.
Dowling, W.J. (1984). Development of musical schemata in children's spontaneous singing. In W.R. Crozier and A.J. Chapman (Eds.). Cognitive processes in the perception of art. (pp. 145-163). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
19.
Dowling, W.J. (1999). The Development of Music Perception and Cognition . In D. Deutsch.The Psychology of Music [2nd Edition].. (pp. 603-625). London: Academic Press.
20.
Durrant, C. (1998). Developing a choral conducting curriculum. British Journal of Music Education.15(3), 303-316.
Farrell, G. (1997). Indian Music and the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23.
Farrell, G., Welch, G.F., Bhowmick, J. & Staunton, S. (1998). Mapping South Asian Music in Britain Genre, Demography and Cultural Meaning: Preliminary Observations. In Indian Music in Germany: Proceedings of Symposium in Tubingen, 1997. Affalterbach: Philipp Verlag. [published in German].
24.
Finnegan, R. (1989). The Hidden Musicians. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
25.
Folkestad, G. (1998). Musical Learning as Cultural Practice: As Exemplified in Computer-Based Creative Music-Making. In B. Sundin, G.E. McPherson & G. Folkstad (Eds.). Children Composing. (pp. 97-134). Malmö: Lunds University.
26.
Fox, D.B. (1982). The pitch range and contour of infant vocalisations. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Ohio: Ohio State University .
27.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind. London: Heinemann.
Hallam, S. (1998). The Predictors of Achievement and Dropout in Instrumental Tuition. Psychology of Music, 26(2), 116-132.
30.
Hargreaves, D.J. (1996). The development of artistic and musical competence . In I. Deliege & J. Sloboda (Eds.). Musical Beginnings.. (pp. 145-170) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
31.
Harwood, E. (1998). Musical learning in Context: A Playground Tale . Research Studies in Music Education, 11, 52-60.
32.
Haunch, B. (1998). Research into Boys and Girls Voices. CDTCC website.
33.
Hodges, L. (1995). Sweet singing in the choir? Times Educational Supplement, Dec 29; 14-15.
34.
Kay, G. ( 1998). Surplice to requirements? BBC Music Magazine, December 28-31.
35.
Kerslake, W.P. (1998). An Examination of the Choral Tradition at Wells Cathedral. unpublished MA in Choral Education dissertation. London: Roehampton InstituteLondon [University of Surrey].
36.
Killian, J.N. (1997). Perceptions of the Voice-Change Process: Male Adult versus Adult Musicians and Nonmusicians. Journal of Research in Music Education, 45(4), 521-535.
37.
Lecanuet, J-P. (1996). Prenatal auditory experience. In I. Deliege & J. Sloboda (Eds.). Musical Beginnings. (pp. 3-34). Oxford : Oxford University Press.
38.
Lecanuet, J-P. (1998). Foetal responses to auditory and speech stimuli . In A. Slater (Ed.). Perceptual Development. (pp. 317-355). Hove: Psychology Press.
39.
O. (1998). The Arts Inspected. Oxford: Heinemann .
Papousek, H. (1996). Musicality in infancy research: biological and cultural origins of early musicality. In I. Deliege & J. Sloboda (Eds.). Musical Beginnings. (pp. 37-55). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42.
Pantev, C., Oostenveld, R., Engelein, A., Ross, B., Roberts, L.E., & Hoke, M. (1998). Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians. Nature, 392, 811-813.
43.
Pert, C. (1997). Molecules of Emotion. London : Simon & Schuster.
44.
Rainbow, B. et al. (1997). Cathedral Choirs: New Directions. CDTCC website.
45.
Rogers, R. (1998). The Disappearing Arts? London : Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce [RSA].
46.
Russell, P.A. (1997). Musical tastes and society. In D.J. Hargreaves & A.C. North (Eds.). The Social Psychology of Music. (pp. 141-158). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
47.
Rutkowski, J. (1990). The measurement and evaluation of children's singing voice development. The Quarterly Journal of Teaching and Learning.1(1&2), 81-95.
48.
Rutkowski, J. (1996). The Nature of Children's Singing Voices: Characteristics and Assessment. Unpublished proceedings, 7th International Seminar of the ISME Early Childhood Commission, Winchester , UK.
49.
Schlaug, G.Jäncke, L.Huang, Y. & Steinmetz, H. (1995). In vivo evidence of structural brain asymmetry in musicians. Science, 267, 699-701.
50.
Sergeant, D.C. & Welch, G.F. (1997). Perceived Similarities and Differences in the Singing of Trained Children's Choirs. Choir SchoolsToday , 11, 9-10.
51.
Sergeant, D.C., Welch, G.F. & White, P.J.Listeners' identification of gender differences in children's singing. ms submitted for publication.
52.
Shepherd, J. (1987). Music and Male Hegemony. In R. Leppert & S. McLary (Eds.). Music and Society. (151-172). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53.
Sides, S.A. (1997). St. Paul's Cathedral Choir School. St. Paul's Cathedral Tercentenary Souvenir Programme. London.
54.
Sloboda, J.A. (1985). The musical mind: The cognitive psychology of music. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
55.
Spender, N. (1987). Psychology of Music. In R.L. Gregory (Ed.), The Oxford Companion to the Mind (pp. 499-505). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
56.
Stathopoulos, E.T. & Sapienza, M.C. (1997). Developmental changes in laryngeal and respiratory function with variations in sound pressure level. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 40(3), 595-614.
57.
Thurman, L. (1997). The Human Nervous System. In L. Thurman and G.F. Welch (Eds.). Bodymind and Voicie: Foundations of Voice Education . (pp. 21-51). Iowa City: National Center for Voice and Speech.
58.
Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (1993). Voice education and health care for young voices . In M. Benninger and A. Johnson (Eds.). Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Treatment of Professional Voice Disorders. (pp. 226-268). New York: Theime Medical Publishers.
59.
Thurman, L. & Welch, G. F. (Eds.) (2000). Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (2nd. Ed.). Iowa City: National Center for Voice and Speech.
60.
Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
61.
Trehub, S.E., Schellenberg, G. & Hill, D. (1997). The origins of music perception and cognition: A developmental perspective. In I. Deliege & J. Sloboda (Eds.). Perception and Cognition of Music (pp. 103-128). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
62.
Walker, R. (1986). Music and Multiculturalism. International Journal ofmusic Education, 8(2), 43-52.
63.
Walker, A.R. (1994). Will Karaoke Teach the World to Sing in Tune? In G.F. Welch & T. Murao (Eds.). Onchi and Singing Development (pp. 8-17). London: David Fulton/ ASME.
64.
Webster, P.R. (1998). Young Children and Music Technology. Research Studies in Music Education, 11, 61-76.
65.
Welch, G.F. (1979a). Vocal range and poor pitch singing. Psychology of Music, 7(2), 13-31.
66.
Welch, G.F. (1979b). Poor pitch singing. A review of the literature . Psychology of Music, 7(1), 50-58.
67.
Welch, G.F. (1986). A developmental view of children's singing. British Journal of Music Education, 3(3), 295-303.
68.
Welch, G.F. (1997). The Developing Voice. In L. Thurman & G.F. Welch (Eds.). Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education. (pp. 481-494). Iowa City: National Center for Voice and Speech.
69.
Welch, G.F. (1998a). 'Early Childhood Musical Development'. Research Studies in Music Education, 11, 27-41.
70.
Welch, G.F. (1998b). Singing Development in Early Childhood: the Effects of Culture and Education on the Realisation of Potential. Paper to the Seminar on Child Voice, Voice Research Centre, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, September 26-27, 1998.
71.
Welch, G. F. & Murao, T. (Eds.) (1994). Onchi and Singing Development . London: David Fulton/ ASME.
72.
Welch, G.F., Sergeant, D.C. & White, P.J. (1998). The Role of Linguistic Dominance in the Acquisition of Song. Research Studies in Music Education, 10, 67-74.
73.
Werker, J.F., Shi, R., Desjardins, R., Pegg, J.E., Polka, L. & Patterson, M. (1998). Three methods of testing infant speech perception . In A. Slater (Ed.). Perceptual Development: Visual, auditory, and speech perception in infancy. (pp. 389-420). Hove: Psychology Press.
74.
White, P. (1998). A study of the effects of vocal intensity variation on children's voices using long-term average spectrum (LTAS) analysis. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 23(3), 111-120.
75.
Williams, B.B., Larson, G.W. & Price, D.W. (1996). An Investigation of Selected Female Singing- and Speaking Voice Characteristics Through Comparison of a Group of Pre-menarcheal Girls to a Group of Post-menarcheal Girls. Journal of Singing , 52(3), 33-39.
76.
Wurgler, P. (1990). A perceptual study of vocal registers in the singing voices of children. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Ohio.
77.
Zillmann, D. & Gan, S-L. (1997). Musical taste in adolescence. In D.J. Hargreaves & A.C. North (Eds.). The Social Psychology of Music. (pp. 161-187). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
