Topical Agents for the Aging Face

Gilchrest BA . A review of skin ageing and its medical therapy. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135:867–875.

Taylor CR Stern RS Leyden JJ . Photoaging/photodamage and photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22:1–15.

Gilchrest BA Yaar M . Ageing and photoageing of the skin: Observations at the cellular and molecular level. Br J Dermatol 1992;127(Suppl 41):25–30.

Lowe NJ Meyers DP Wieder JM . Low doses of repetitive ultraviolet A induce morphologic changes in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105:739–743.

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Kligman AM Kligman LH . Photoaging. In: Fitzpatrick TB Eisen AZ Wolff K , eds. Dermatology in general medicine. 4th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993: 2972–2979.

Kligman AM . Early destructive effects of sunlight on human skin. JAMA 1969; 210:2377–2380.

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Kligman LH Akin FJ Kligman AM . The contributions of UVA and UVB to connective tissue damage in hairless mice. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 84:272–276.

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Pathak MA Fitzpatrick TB . Preventative treatment of sunburn, dermatoheliosis and skin cancer with sun-protective agents. In: Fitzpatrick TB Eisen AZ Wolff K , eds. Dermatology in general medicine. 4th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993:1689–1717.

Lowe NJ Meyers DP Wieder JM . Low doses of repetitive ultraviolet A induce morphologic changes in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105:739–743.

Kligman LH Akin FJ Kligman AM . Prevention of ultraviolet damage to the dermis of hairless mice by sunscreens. J Invest Dermatol 1982; 78:181–189.

Kligman LH . Sunscreens promote repair of ultraviolet radiation-induced dermal damage. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 81:98.

Thompson SC Jolley D Marks R . Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1147–1151.

Pinnell SR Madey DL . New and improved daily photoprotection: Microfine zinc oxide (Z-Cote) Aesthetic Surg J 1999; 19:260–263.

Schaefer H Moyal D Fourtanier A . Recent advances in sun protection. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1998; 17:266–275.

Seite S Moyal D Richard S . Mexoryl SX: A broad absorption UVA filter protects human skin from the effects of repeated suberythemal doses of UVA. J Photochem Photobiol B 1998; 44:69–76.

Shapiro SS Latriano L . Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations of 20 retinoids: Tretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39(Suppl):S13–S16.

Kligman LH Chen HD Kligman AM . Topical retinoic acid enhances the repair of ultraviolet damaged dermal connective tissue. Connect Tissue Res 1984; 12:139–150.

Weiss JS Ellis CN Headington JT . Topical tretinoin improves photoaged skin—a double-blind vehicle-controlled study. JAMA 1988; 259:527–532.

Thorne EG . Long-term clinical experience with a topical retinoid. Br J Dermatol 1992; 127(Suppl 41):31–36.

Lever L Kumar P Marks R . Topical retinoic acid for treatment of solar damage. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122:91–98.

Leyden JJ Grove GL Grove MJ . Treatment of photodamaged facial skin with topical tretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21:638–644.

Rafal ES Griffiths CEM Ditre CM . Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) treatment for liver spots associated with photodamage. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:368–374.

Weinstein GD Nigra TP Pochi PE . Topical tretinoin for treatment of photodamaged skin. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127:659–665.

Olsen EA Katz I Levine N . Tretinoin emollient cream: A new therapy for photodamaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:215–224.

Bhawan J Palko MJ Lee J . Reversible histological effects of tretinoin on photodamaged skin. J Geriatr Dermatol 1995; 3:62–67.

Yamamoto O Bhawan J Solares G . Ultrastructural effects of topical tretinoin on dermo-epidermal junction and papillary dermis in photodamaged skin: A controlled study. Exp Dermatol 1995; 4:146–154.

Ellis CN Weiss JS Hamilton TA . Sustained improvement with prolonged topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) for photoaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23:629–637.

Olsen EA Katz I Levine N . Sustained improvement in photodamaged skin with reduced tretinoin emollient cream treatment regimen: Effect of once-weekly and three-times-weekly applications. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37:227–230.

Griffiths CEM Kang S Ellis CN . Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement in photoaging but different degrees of irritation. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131:1037–1044.

Andreano JM Bergfeld WF Medendorp SV . Tretinoin emollient cream 0.01% for the treatment of photoaged skin. Cleve Clin J Med 1993; 60:49–55.

Kligman AM Dogadkina D Lavker RM . Effects of topical tretinoin on non-sun-exposed protected skin of the elderly. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29:25–33.

Varani J Perone P Griffiths CEM . All trans-retinoic acid (RA) stimulates events in organ-cultured human skin that underlie repair; adult skin from sun-protected and sun-exposed sites responds in identical manner to RA while neonatal foreskin responds differently. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1747–1756.

Armstrong RB Lesiewicz J Harvey G . Clinical panel assessment of photodamaged skin treated with isotretinoin using photographs. Arch Dermatol 1992; 28:352–356.

Sendargorta E Lesiewicz J Armstrong RB . Topical isotretinoin for photodamaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:S15–S18.

Creidi P Vienne MP Ochonisky S . Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39:960–965.

Kligman AM . The growing importance of topical retinoids in clinical dermatology: A retrospective and prospective analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 29:S2–S7.

Clark CC . Alpha hydroxy acids in skin care. Clin Plast Surg 1996;23:49–56.

Elson ML . The molecular structure of glycolic acid and its importance in dermatology. Cosmetic Dermatol 1993; 6:81.

Van Scott EJ Yu RJ . Control of keratinization with alpha hydroxy acids and related compounds: 1. Topical treatment of ichthyotic disorders. Arch Dermatol 1974; 100:586–590.

Van Scott EJ Yu RJ . Alpha hydroxy acids: Therapeutic potentials. Can J Dermatol 1989; 1:108–112.

Van Scott EJ Yu RJ . Hyperkeratinization, corneocyte cohesion and alpha hydroxy acids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11:867.

Ridge JM Siegle RJ Zuckerman J . Use of alpha hydroxy acids in the therapy for photoaged skin [Letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23:932.

Stiller MJ Bartolone J Stern R . Topical 8% glycolic acid and 8% lactic acid creams for the treatment of photodamaged skin. A double-blind vehicle-controlled clinical trial Arch Dermatol 1996; 132:631–636.

Thibault PK Wlodarczyk J Wenck A . A double-blind randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of a daily glycolic acid 5% formulation in the treatment of photoaging. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24:573–537 (discussion 577–578).

Ditre CM Griffin TD Murphy GF . Effects of alpha hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: A pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:187–195.

Newman N Newman A Moy LS . Clinical improvement of photoaged skin with 50% glycolic acid. A double-blind vehicle-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 1996; 22:455–460.

Smith WP . Epidermal and dermal effects of topical lactic acid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35:388–391.

Bernstein EF Uitto J . Connective tissue alterations in photoaged skin and the effects of alpha hydroxy acids. J Geriatr Dermatol 1995; 3(Suppl A):S7–S18.

Moon SE Park SB Ahn HT . The effect of glycolic acid on photoaged albino hairless mouse skin. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:179–182.

Thueson DO Chan EK Oechsli LM . The roles of pH and concentration in lactic acid-induced stimulation of epidermal turnover. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24:641–645.

DiNardo JC Grove GL Moy LS . Clinical and histological effects of glycolic acid at different concentrations and pH levels. Dermatol Surg 1996; 22:421–424.

Pierard GE Nikkels-Tassoudji . Dermo-epidermal stimulation elicited by a beta-lipohydroxy acid: A comparison with salicylic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid. Dermatology 1997; 194:398–401.

Pinnell SR Madey DL . Topical vitamin C in skin care. Aesthetic Surg J 1998; 18:468–470.

Bissett DL Chatterjee R Hannon DP . Photoprotective effect of superoxide-scavenging antioxidants against ultraviolet radiation-induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1990; 7:52–62.

Darr D Combs S Dunston S . Topical vitamin C protects porcine skin from ultraviolet radiation-induced damage. Br J Dermatol 1992; 127:247–253.

Darr D Dunston S Faust H . Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photo-protectants. Acta Derm Venereol 1996; 76:264–268.

Colven RM Pinnell SR . Topical vitamin C in aging. Clin Dermatol 1996; 14:227–234.

Zahouani H Rougier C Creidi P . Interest of a 5% vitamin C w/o emulsion in the treatment of skin aging: Effects on skin relief. Poster presented at the American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting, New Orleans, March 1999.

Callens A Vaillant L Lecomte P . Does hormonal skin aging exist? A study of the influence of different hormone therapy regimens on the skin of postmenopausal women using non-invasive measurement techniques. Dermatology 1996; 193:289–294.

Pierard GE Letawe C Dowlati A . Effect of hormone replacement therapy for menopause on the mechanical properties of skin. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43:662–665.

Bolognia JL Braverman IM Rousseau ME . Skin changes in menopause. Maturitas 1989; 11:295–304.

Appa Y . Retinoid therapy: Compatible skin care. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 1999; 12:111–119.

Perricone NV DiNardo JC . Photoprotective and antiinflammatory effects of topical glycolic acid. Dermatol Surg 1996; 22:435–437.

Kligman AM . The compatibility of combinations of glycolic acid and tretinoin in acne and in photoaged skin. J Geriatr Dermatol 1995; 3(Suppl):25A–28A.

Draelos ZD . New developments in cosmetics and skin care products. Adv Dermatol 1997; 12:3–17 (discussion 18).