Rickettsial Infections around the World,Part 2: Rickettsialpox,the Typhus Group,and Bioterrorism

Walker D Dumler J Radulvis S . Spotted fevers and rickettsialpox In: Ronald A , Infectious disease: A treatise on infectious processes Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1994; pp 969–978.

Kass EM Szaniawski WK Levy H . Rickettsialpox in a New York City hospital, 1980 to 1989. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1612–1617.

Brettman LR Lewin S Hozman RS . Rickettsialpox: Report of an outbreak and a contemporary review. Medicine 1981; 60:363–372.

Rose H . The clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of rickettsialpox. Ann Intern Med 1949; 31:871–883.

Sussman L . Kew Gardens' spotted fever. N Y Med 1946; 2:27–28.

Greenberg M Pellitteri O . Rickettsialpox. Bull NY Acad Med 1947; 23:338–351.

Huebner R Stamps P Armstrong C . Rickettsialpox—A newly recognized rickettsial disease: I. Isolation of the etiological agent. Public Health Rep 1946; 61:1605–1614.

Jacobson J Desmond E Kornblee L . Positive Weil–Felix reactions in a case of rickettsialpox. Int J Dermatol 1989; 28:271–272.

Feigin R Snider R Edwards M . Rickettsial disease In: Cherry J , Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992; pp 1847–1865.

Saah AJ . Rickettsia prowazekii In: Mandell GL Bennett JE Dolin R , Principles and practice of infectious diseases 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995; pp 1735–1737.

McDads JE Shepard CC Redus MA . Evidence of Rickettsia prowazekii infections in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980; 29:277–284.

Bozeman FM Masiello SA Williams MS . Epidemic typhus rickettsiae isolated from flying squirrels. Nature 1975; 255:545–547.

Sonenshine DE Bozeman FM Williams MS . Epizootiology of epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) in flying squirrels. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1978; 27:339–349.

Duma RJ Sonenshine DE Bozeman FM . Epidemic typhus in the United States associated with flying squirrels. JAMA 1981; 245:2318–2323.

Baxter JD . The typhus group. Clin Dermatol 1996; 14:271–278.

Perine PL Chandler BP Krause DK . A clinico-epidemiological study of epidemic typhus in Africa. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:1149–1158.

Kaplan JE Schonberger LB . The sensitivity of various serologic tests in the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35:840–844.

Carl M Tibbs CW Dobson ME . Diagnosis of acute typhus infection using the polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 1990; 161:791–793.

Jiang J Temenak JJ Richards AL . Real-time PCR duplex assay for Rickettsia prowazekii and Borrelia recurrentis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 990:302–310.

Perine PL Krause DW Awoke S . Single-dose doxycycline treatment of louse-borne relapsing fever and epidemic typhus. Lancet 1974; 2:742–744.

Raoult D Drancourt M . Antimicrobial therapy of rickettsial diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2457–2462.

Walker DH , Biology of Rickettsial Diseases. Early VaccinesCRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1988.

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Typhus vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1978; 27:189.

Coker C Majid M Radulovic S . Development of Rickettsia prowazekii DNA vaccine: Cloning strategies. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 990:757–764.

Lutwick LI . Brill–Zinsser disease. Lancet 2001; 357:1198–1200.

Brill NE . An acute infectious disease of unknown origin: A clinical study based on 221 cases. Am J Med Sci 1910; 139:484–502.

Zinsser H Castaneda MR . On the isolation from a case of Brill's disease of a typhus strain resembling the European type. N Engl J Med 1933; 209:815–819.

Zinsser H . Varieties of typhus virus and the epidemiology of the American form of European typhus fever (Brill's disease). Am J Hyg 1934; 20:513–532.

Murray ES Snyder JC . Brill's disease: II, etiology. Am J Hyg 1951; 53:22–32.

Price WH . Studies on the interepidemic survival of louse borne epidemic typhus fever. J Bacteriol 1955; 69:106–107.

Price WH Emerson H Nagel H . Ecologic studies on the interepidemic survival of louse-borne epidemic typhus fever. Am J Hyg 1958; 67:154–178.

Reilly PJ Kalinske RW . Brill–Zinsser disease in North America. West J Med 1980; 133:338–340.

Green CR Fishbein D Gleiberman I . Brill–Zinsser: Still with us. JAMA 1990; 264:1811–1812.

Portnoy J Mendelson J Clecner B . Brill–Zinsser disease: Report of a case in Canada. Can Med Assoc J 1974; 111:166.

Dumler JS Taylor JP Walker DH Dumler JS Taylor JP Walker DH . Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 1991; 266:1365–1370.

Azad AF Sacci JB Jr Nelson WM . Genetic characterization and transovarial transmission of a typhus-like rickettsia found in cat fleas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:43–46.

Radulovic S Higgins JA Jaworski DC . Isolation, cultivation, and partial characterization of the ELB agent associated with cat fleas. Infect Immun 1995; 63:4826–4829.

Azad AF Radulovic S Higgins JA . Flea-borne rickettsioses: Ecologic considerations. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3:319–327.

Kelly DJ Chan CT Paxton H . Comparative evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for the detection of human antibody to Rickettsia typhi. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1995; 2:356–360.

Drancourt M George F Brouqui P Sampol J Raoult D . Diagnosis of Mediterranean spotted fever by indirect immunofluorescence of Rickettsia conorii in circulating endothelial cells isolated with monoclonal antibody-coated immunomagnetic beads. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:660–663.

Silpapojakul K Mitarnun W Ovartlarnporn B . Liver involvement in murine typhus. QJM 1996; 89:623–629.

Raoult D Gallais H DeMicco P . Ciprofioxacin therapy for Mediterranean spotted fever. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 30:606–607.

Beltran R Ruiz Herrero JI . Evaluation of ciprofioxacin and doxycycline in the treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11:427–431.

Watt G Strickman D . Life-threatening scrub typhus in a traveler returning from Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:624–626.

Ohashi N Tamura A Sakurai H . Characterization of a new antigenic type, Kuroki, of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from a patient in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:2111–2113.

Saah A . Rickettsia tsutsugamushi In: Dolin R , ed. Principles and practice of infectious diseases 4th ed. New York: Church Livingstone, 1995; pp 1740–1741.

Silpapojakul K Ukkachoke C Krisanapan S . Rickettsial meningitis and encephalitis. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:1753–1757.

Berman S Kundin W . Scrub typhus in South Vietnam, a study of 87 cases. Ann Intern Med 1973; 79:26–30.

Kelly DL Wong PW Gan E . Comparative evaluation of the serodiagnosis of rickettsial disease. Am J Trop Med 1988; 38:400–406.

Sugita Y Nagatani T Okuda K . Diagnosis of typhus infection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by polymerase chain reaction. J Med Microbiol 1992; 37:357–360.

Wilkinson R Rowland D Ching WM . Development of an improved rapid lateral flow assay for the detection of Orientia tsutsugamusbi-specific IgG/IgM antibodies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 990:386–390.

Sheehy T Hazlett D Turk R . Scrub typhus, a comparison of chloramphenicol and tetracycline in its treatment. Arch Intern Med 1973; 132:77–80.

Raoult D Drancourt M . Antimicrobial therapy of rickettsial diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2457–2462.

McClain J Joshi B Rice R . Chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin against murine scrub typhus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32:285–286.

Twartz JC Shirai A Selvaraju G . Doxycycline prophylaxis for human scrub typhus. J Infect Dis 1982; 146:811–818.

Olson JG Bourgeois AL Fang RC . Prevention of scrub typhus: Prophylactic administration of doxycycline in a randomized double blind trial. Am J Trop Med 1980; 29:989–997.

Atlas RM . Biological weapons pose challenge for microbiology community. ASM News 1998; 64:383–389.

Rotz LD Khan AS Lillibridge SR . Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:225–230.

Walker DH . Principles of the malicious use of infectious agents to create terror: Reasons for concern for organisms of the genus Rickettsia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 990:739–742.

Azad AF Radulovic S . Pathogenic rickettsiae as bioterrorism agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 990:734–738.

Alibek K . BiohazardRandom House, New York 1999.

Harris S . Japanese biological warfare research on humans: A case study of microbiology and ethics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 666:21–49.

Silverman DJ Boese JL Wisseman CL . Ultrastructural studies of Rickettsia prowazekii from louse midgut cells to feces: Search for “dormant” forms. Infect Immun 1974; 10:257–263.

Traub R Wisseman CL Farhang-Azad A . The ecology of murine typhus-a critical review. Trop Dis Bull 1978; 75:237–317.

Johnson JE Kadull PJ . Rocky Mountain spotted fever acquired in a laboratory. N Engl J Med 1967; 277:842–847.

Pike RM . Laboratory-associated infection: Summary and analysis of 3921 cases. Health Lab Sci 1976; 13:105–114.

Azad AF Traub R . Experimental transmission of murine typhus by Xenopsylla cheopis flea bites. Med Vet Entomol 1989; 3:429–433.

Whelton A Donadio JV Elisberg BL . Acute renal failure complicating rickettsial infections in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient individuals. Ann Intern Med 1968; 69:323–328.

Raoult D Lena D Perrimont H . Haemolysis with Mediterranean spotted fever and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986; 80:961–962.

Raoult D Zuchelli P Weiller PJ . Incidence, clinical observations and risk factors in the severe form of Mediterranean spotted fever among patients admitted to hospital in Marseilles 1983–1984. J Infect 1986; 12:111–116.

Dalton MJ Clarke MJ Holman RC . National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981–1992: Epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 52:405–413.

Raoult D Roux V Ndihokubwayo JB . Jail fever (epidemic typhus) outbreak in Burundi. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3:357–360.

Raoult D Maurin M . Rickettsia species In: Yu VL Merigan TC Barriere SL , Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co, 2001; pp 568–574.

Krusell A Cower JA Sexton DJ . Rickettsialpox in North Carolina: A case report. Emerg Infec Dis 2002; 7:727–728.

Niang M Brouqui P Raoult D . Epidemic typhus imported from Algeria. Emerg Infec Dis 1999; 5:716–718.

Faa AG McBride WJ Garstone G . Scrub typhus in the Torres Strait Islands of North Queensland, Australia. Emerg Infec Dis 2003; 9:480–482.