Pathophysiology of Psoriasis: Science behind Therapy

Kemény L Michel G Dobozy A . Cytokine system as potential target for antipsoriatic therapy. Exp Dermatol 1994; 3:1–8

Mueller W Herrmann B . Cyclosporin A for psoriasis. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:555

Elder JT Hammerberg C Cooper KD . Cyclosporin A rapidly inhibits epidermal cytokine expression in psoriasis lesions, but not in cytokine-stimulated cultured keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:761–766

Krueger JG Wolfe JT Nabeya RT . Successful ultraviolet B treatment of psoriasis is accompanied by a reversal of keratinocyte pathology and by selective depletion of intraepidermal T cells. J Exp Med 1995; 182:2057–2068

Gottlieb SL Gilleaudeau P Johnson R . Response of psoriasis to a lymphocyte-selective toxin (DA39IL-2) suggests a primary immune, but not keratinocyte, pathogenic basis. Nat Med 1995; 1:442–447

Vallet VP Gilleaudeau P Battat L . PUVA bath therapy strongly suppressed immunological and epidermal activation in psoriasis: A possible cellular basis for remittive therapy. J Exp Med 1994; 180:283–296

Baadsgaard O Fisher G Voorhees JJ . The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95:32S–34S

Eedy DJ Burrows D Bridges JM . Clearance of severe psoriasis after allogenic bone marrow transplant. BMJ 1990; 300:1398–1399

Gardembas-Pain M Ifrah N Folussard C . Psoriasis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126:1523

Strange P Cooper KD Hansen ER . T-lymphocyte clones initiated from lesional psoriatic skin release growth factors that induce keratinocyte proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:695–700

Detmar M Brown LF Claffey KP . Overexpression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in psoriasis. J Exp Med 1994; 180:1141–1146

Gottlieb AB . Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. The road from bench to bedside is a 2-way street. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133:781–782

Ellis C Krueger G . Treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis by selective targeting of CD45 RO+ memory-effector T lymphocytes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:248–255

Bierer BE Burakoff SJ . T cell receptors: Adhesion and signalling. Adv Cancer Res 1991; 56:49–76

Dustin ML Springer TA . Role of lymphocyte adhesion receptors in transient interactions and cell locomotion. Ann Rev Immunol 1991; 9:27–66

Jenkins MK Taylor PS Norton SD . CD28 delivers a costimulatory signal involved in antigen-specific IL-2 production by human T cells. J Immunol 1991; 147:2461–2466

Nickoloff BJ . The immunologic and genetic basis of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135:1104–1110

Brottier P Boumsell L Gelin C . T cell activation via CD2 (T11,gp50) molecules: Accessory cells are required to trigger T cell activation via CD2 D66 plus CD2-9.6/T11(1) epitopes. J Immunol 1985; 135:1624–1631

Sanders ME Makgoba MW Sharrow SO . Human memory T lymphocytes express increased levels of three cell adhesions molecules (LFA-3, CD2, and LFA-1) and three other molecules (UCHL1, CDw29, and Pgp-1) and have enhanced IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 1988; 140:1401–1407

Krueger JG . The immunologic basis for the treatment of pso- riasis with new biologic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:1–23

Gottlieb AB Lebwohl M Shirin S . Anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris: Results of a pilot-multicenter, multiple-dose, placebo controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:595–604

Branco L Barren P Mao SY . Selective deletion of antigen-specific, activated T cells by a humanized MAB to CD2 (MEDI-507) is mediated by NK cells. Transplantation 1999; 68:1588–1596

Krueger J Gottlieb A Miller B . Anti-CD11a treatment for psoriasis concurrently increases circulating T-cells and decreases plaque T-cells, consistent with inhibition of cutaneous T-cell trafficking. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:333

Kagen M Nussbaum R Gilleaudeau P . Therapeutic CD11a ligation transmodulates surface expression of βi and β2 integrins on T-lymphocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:465

Gottlieb AB Krueger JG Bright R . Effect of administration of a single dose of a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD1a on the immunobiology and clinical activity of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:428–435

Abrams JR Lebwohl MG Guzzo CA . CTLA4Ig-mediated blockage of T-cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:1243–1252

Uyemura K Yamamura M Fivenson DF . The cytokine network in lesional and lesion-free psoriatic skin is characterized by a T-helper type 1 cell-mediated response. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 101:701–705

Schalaak JF Buslau M Jochum W . T cells involved in psoriasis vulgaris belong to the Th1 subset. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:145–149

Lee RE Gaspari AA Lotze MT . Interleukin-2 and psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1998; 124:1811–1815

Fierlbeck G Rassner G Muller C . Psoriasis induced at the injection site of recombinant interferon gamma: Results of immunohistologic investigations. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126:351–355

Chaturvedi V Qin JZ Denning MF . Apoptosis in proliferating, senescent, and immortalized keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 1991; 274:23358–23367

Wrone-Smith T Nunez G Johnson T . Discordant expression of Bcl0X and Bcl-2 keratinocytes derived from psoriatic keratinocytes in vivo. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:1–10

Mrowietz U Zhu K Christophers E . Treatment of severe psoriasis with anti-CD 25 monoclonal antibodies. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136:675–676

Krueger JG Walters IB Miyazawa M . Successful in vivo blockade of CD25 (high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor) on T cells by administration of humanized anti-Tac antibody to patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:448–458

Ogilvie ALJ Antoni C Dechant C . Treatment of psoriatic arthritis with antitumour necrosis factor-α antibody clears skin lesions of psoriasis resistant to treatment with methotrexate. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:587–589

Mease PJ Goffe BS Metz J . Etanercept in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: A randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 356:385–390

Asdullah K Friedrich M Hanneken S . Effects of systemic interleukin-10 therapy on psoriatic skin lesions: Histologic, immunohistologic, and molecular bology findings. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:721–727

Raychaudhuri SP Farber EM Raychaudhuri SK . Immunomodulatory effects of peptide T on Th1/Th2 cytokines. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999; 21:609–615

Trepicchio WL Ozawa M Walters IB . Interleukin-11 therapy selectively down-regulates type I cytokine proinflammatory pathways in psoriasis lesions. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:1527–1537

Beato M . Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 1989; 56:335–344

Guyre PM Girard MT Morganelli PM . Glucocorticoid effects on the production and actions of immune cytokines. J Steroid Biochem 1988; 30:89–93

Rappersberger K Komar M Ebelin ME . Oral SDZ ASM 981: Safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:776

Weinstein GD McCullough JL Ross P . Cell kinetic basis for pathophysiology of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 85:579–583

Barker JNWN Mitra RS Griffiths CEM . Keratinocytes as initiators of inflammation. Lancet 1991; 337:211–214

McKay IA Leigh IM . Altered keratinocyte growth and differentiation in psoriasis. Clin Dermatol 1995; 13:105–114

Elder JT Fisher GJ Lindquist PB . Overexpression of transforming growth factor α in psoriatic epidermis. Science 1989; 243:811–814

Cook PW Pittelkow MR Keeble WW . Amphiregulin messenger RNA is elevated in psoriatic epidermis and gastrointestinal carcinomas. Cancer Res 1992; 52:3224–3227

Nanney LB Yates RA King LE Jr . Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptors in psoriatic lesions during treatment with top cal EGF. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:296–301

Kulke R Bornscheuer E Schlüter C . The CXC receptor 2 is overexpressed in psoriatic epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110:90–94

Schröder JM Mrowietz U Morita E . Purification and partial biochemical characterization of a human monocyte-derived, neutrophil-activating peptide that lacks interleukin 1 activity. J Immunol 1981; 139:3474–3483

Schröder JM . The monocyte-derived neutrophil activating peptide (NAP-interleukin 8) stimulates human neutrophil arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase, but not the release of cellular arachidonate. J Exp Med 1989; 170:847–863

Schroeder WT Thacher SM Stewart-Galetka S . Type I keratinocyte transglutaminase: Expression in human skin and psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99:27–34

Mangelsdorf DJ Ong ES Dyck JA . Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid pathway. Nature 1990; 345: 224–229

Pfahl M . Signal transduction by retinoid receptors. Skin Pharmacol 1993; 6:8S–16S

Glick AB Flanders KC Danielpour D . Retinoic acid induces transforming growth factor-β₂ in cultured keratinocytes and mouse epidermis. Cell Regul 1989; 1:87–97

Davis PJA Basilion JP Haake AR . Intrinsic biology of retinoids in the skin. In: Goldsmith LA , ed. Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of the skin, Vol 1. New York: Oxford University Press, pp 385–409

Bury Y Ruf D Hansen CM , Molecular evaluation of vitamin D₃ receptor agonists designed for topical treatment of skin diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:785–792

Fogh K Kragballe K . Recent developments in vitamin D analogs. Curr Pharm Des 2000; 6:961–972

Reichrath J Müller SM Kerber A . Biologic effects of topical calcipotriol (MC 903) treatment in psoriatic skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36:16–28

Van de Kerkof PCM . Biologic activity of vitamin D analogues in the skin, with special reference to antipsoriatic mechanisms. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132:675–682

Barna M Bos JD Kapsenberg ML . Effect on calcitriol on the production of T-cell derived cytokines in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136:536–541

Ellis CN Varani J Fisher GJ . Troglitazone improves psoriasis and normalizes models of proliferative skin disease: Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibit keratinocyte proliferation. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136:609–616

Lowe PM Lee M-L Jackson CJ . The endothelium psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132:497–505

Detmar M Tenorio S Hettmannsperger U . Cytokine regulation of proliferation and ICAM-1 expression of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:147–153

Hourihan H Allen TD Ager A . Lymphocyte migration across high endothelium is associated with increases in alpha-4-beta-l integrin (VLA-4) affinity. J Cell Sci 1993; 104:1049–1059

Atherton DJ Wells RS Laurent MR . Razoxane (ICRF 159) in the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1980; 102:307–317

Dupont É Savard PE Jourdain C . Antiangiogenic properties of a novel shark cartilage extract: Potential role in the treatment of psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 1998; 2:146–152

Terrui T Osawa M Tagami H . Role of neutrophils in induction of acute inflammation in T-cell-mediated immune dermatosis, psoriasis: A neutrophil-associated inflammation-boosting loop. Exp Dermatol 2000; 9:1–10

Andresen C Henseler T . Erblichkeit der psoriasis. Hautarzt 1982; 33:214–217

Farber EM Nall ML Watson W . Natural history of psoriasis in 61 twin pairs. Arch Dermatol 1974; 109:207–211

Henseler T Christophers E . Psoriasis of early and late onset: Characterization of two types of psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 13:450–456

Craven NM Jackson CW Kirby B . Cytokine gene polymorphisms in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:849–853

Farber EM Nickoloff BJ Recht B . Stress, symmetry and psoriasis: Possible role of neuropeptides. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14:305–311

Poikolainen K Reunala T Karvonen J . Smoking, alcohol and life events related to psoriasis among women. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130:473–477

Naldi L Peli L Parazzini F . Family history of psoriasis, stressful life events, and recent infectious disease are risk factors for a first episode of acute guttate psoriasis: Results of a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44:433–438

Abel EA DiCicco LM Orenberg EK . Drugs in exacerbation of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 15:1007–1022

Wolf R Tamir A Brenner S . Psoriasis related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Dermatologica 1990; 181:51–53

Baker BS Bokth S Powles A . Group A streptococcal antigen-specific T lymphocytes in guttate psoriatic lesions. Br J Dermatol 1993; 128:493–499

Wilson AGMcT Clark I Heard SR . Immunoblotting of streptococcal antigens in guttate psoraisis. Br J Dermatol 1993; 128:151–158

Leung DY Travers JB Giorno R . Evidence for a streptococcal superantigen-driven process in acute guttate psoriasis. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2106–2112

Nickoloff BJ . Superantigens, autoantigens, and pathogenic T cells in psoriasis [letter] J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110:459–460

Gudmundsdottir AS Sigmundsdottir H Sigurgeirsson B . Is an epitope on keratin 17 a major target for autoreactive T lymphocytes in psoriasis? Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117:580–586

Rosenberg EW Noah PW Zanolli MD . Use of rifampicin with penicillin and erythromycin the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14:761–764

Vincent F Ross JB Dalton M . A therapeutic trial of the use of penicillin V or erythromycin with or without rifampin in the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26:458–461

Mahoney SE Duvic M Nickoloff BJ . HIV transcripts identified in HIV-1 related psoriasis and Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:174–185

Favre M Orth G Majewski S . Psoriasis: A possible reservoir for human papillomavirus type 5, the virus associated with carcinomas of epidermodysplasia veruciformis. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110:311–317

Kanazawa K Aikawa T Tsuda F . Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132:1391–1392

Kirby B Griffiths CEM . Psoriasis: The future. Br J Dermatol 2000; 144:37–43

Mrowietz U . Advances in systemic therapy for psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001; 26:362–367