Management of Drug-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Bastuji-Garin

Rzany

Stern

. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol 1993; 129:92–96.

Becker

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Lancet 1998; 351: 1417–1420.

Fritsch

Ruiz-Maldonado

. Stevens-Johnson syndrome—toxic epidermal necrolysis. In: Freedberg

Eisen

Wolff

, eds. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. 5th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999: 644–654.

Lyell

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: An eruption resembling scalding of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1956; 68:355–361.

Schwartz

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Cutis 1997; 59:123–127.

Roujeau

J-C

Guillaume

J-C

Fabre

J-P

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome): Incidence and drug etiology in France, 1981–1985. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126:37–42.

Schöpf

Stühmer

Rzany

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: An epidemiologic study from West Germany. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127:839–842.

Chan

Stern

Arndt

. The incidence of erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: A population-based study with particular reference to reactions caused by drugs among outpatients. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126:43–47.

Yetiv

Bianchine

Owen

. Etiologic factors of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. South Med J 1980; 73:599–602.

10.

Roujeau

J-C

Stern

. Severe cutaneous reactions to drugs. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1272–1283.

11.

Stern

Chan

. Usefulness of case report literature in determining drugs responsible for toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21:317–322.

12.

Roujeau

J-C

Kelly

Naldi

. Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1600–1607.

13.

Shear

Spielberg

. Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. In vitro assessment of risk. J Clin Invest 1988; 82:1826–1832.

14.

Chang

Shear

. Cutaneous reactions to anticonvulsants. Semin Neurol 1992; 12:329–337.

15.

Revuz

Penso

Roujeau

J-C

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: Clinical findings and prognosis factors in 87 patients. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:1160–1165.

16.

Lebargy

Wolkenstein

Gisselbrecht

. Pulmonary complications in toxic epidermal necrolysis: A prospective clinical study. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23:1237–1244.

17.

Blum

Chosidow

Rostoker

. Renal involvement in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:1088–1090.

18.

Lyell

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (the scalded skin syndrome): A reappraisal. Br J Dermatol 1979; 100:69–86.

19.

Criton

Devi

Sridevi

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis—a retrospective study. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36:923–925.

20.

Avakian

Flowers

Araujo

. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25:69–79.

21.

Halebian

Madden

Finkelstein

. Improved burn center survival of patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis managed without corticosteroids. Ann Surg 1986; 204:503–512.

22.

Ward

Krzeminska

Tanner

NSB

. Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis and a review of six cases. Burns 1990; 16:97–104.

23.

Power

Gharaishi

Merayo-Lloves

. Analysis of the acute ophthalmic manifestations of erythema multiforme/Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis disease spectrum. Ophthalmology 1995; 102:1669–1676.

24.

Wolkenstein

Latarjet

Roujeau

J-C

. Randomized comparison of thalidomide versus placebo in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Lancet 1998; 352:1586–1589.

25.

Sanwo

Nwadiuko

Beall

. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of severe cutaneous drug reactions in patients with AIDS. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98:1112–1115.

26.

Paul

Wolkenstein

Adle

. Apoptosis as a mechanism of keratinocyte death in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134; 710–714.

27.

Schwartz

Osborne

. Programmed cell death, apoptosis and killer genes. Immunol Today 1993; 14:582–590.

28.

Viard

Wehrli

Bullani

. Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin. Science 1998; 282; 490–493.

29.

Leung

Cotran

Kurt-Jones

. Endothelial cell activation and high interleukin-1 secretion in the pathogenesis of acute Kawasaki disease. Lancet 1989; ii:1298–1302.

30.

Ballow

White

Desbonnet

. Modulation of in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin and the induction of suppressor activity by therapy with intravenous immune globulin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84:595–602.

31.

Harruda

. Phenytoin hypersensitivity: 38 cases. Neurology 1979; 29:1480–1485.

32.

Tomsick

. The phenytoin syndrome. Cutis 1983; 32:535–541.

33.

Shear

. Diagnosing cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126:94–97.

34.

Strickler

Dansky

Miller

. Genetic predisposition to phenytoin-induced birth defects. Lancet 1985; ii:746–749.

35.

Gennis

Vemeri

Burns

. Familial occurrence of hypersensitivity to phenytoin. Am J Med 1991; 91:631–634.

36.

Spielberg

Gordon

Blake

. Predisposition to phenytoin hepatotoxicity assessed in vitro. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 722–727.

37.

Schlienger

Shear

. Antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome. Epilepsia 1998; 39(Suppl. 7):S3–S7.

38.

Rzany

Correia

Kelly

. Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis during first weeks of antiepileptic therapy: A case-control study. Lancet 1999; 353: 2190–2193.

39.

Schlienger

Shapiro

Shear

. Lamotrigine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Epilepsia 1998; 39(Suppl.7):S22–S26.

40.

Chaffin

Davis

. Suspected lamotrigine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31:720–723.