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Abstract

Background:

Breast cancer (BC) patients have a higher chance of survival if it is diagnosed at an early stage, which is essential for efficient treatment of the condition. The results of an elevated risk of cancer, including BC, previously associated with the ins/del polymorphism rs145204276 in the promoter region of growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) are still up for debate. Thus, this study aimed to appraise the frequency of the GAS5 rs145204276 variant with BC risk and demonstrate the potential impact of the sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and microRNA-182 (miR-182) expression and their diagnostic value in BC.

Methods:

Blood samples of 155 patients with BC and fibroadenoma and 80 healthy controls were analyzed for GAS5 rs145204276 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), SIRT-1, TGF-β, and miRNA-182 expression levels.

Results:

Ins/ins genotype and ins allele frequencies for GAS5 rs145204276 were considerably higher in BC patients compared with controls. Patients with BC had significantly greater serum levels of TGF-β, miR-182, and SIRT-1 expression.

Conclusions:

The SIRT-1, TGF-β, and miR-182 genes provide novel, noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for BC.

Keywords

Breast cancer polymorphism GAS5 SIRT-1 TGF-β miR-182

Introduction

Breast cancer (BC) has been implicated as the cornerstone cancer among women worldwide, with roughly 1 million new cases of diagnosis each year.¹ Breast cancer survivors make up about 38.8% of all newly diagnosed cancer patients among Egyptian women.² Age, hormone levels, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, genetic factors, and ethnicity are all factors that affect the chance of developing BC.³

The most significant prognostic indicators for BC continue to be the conventional prognostic parameters including tumor size, grade, and lymph node metastatic status. However, the prediction incorporated just a small amount of genetic information interpretations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be a useful tool for examining various diseases or disease characteristics since they are a relatively small allele variable, have a higher availability, and show linkage disequilibrium across populations and races.⁴ As genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology has advanced, a growing number of genetic factors have been confirmed to be linked to BC.

The designation “growth arrest-specific 5” (GAS5) refers to long noncoding RNA in growth-arrested cells that overexpressed it.⁵ The association between GAS5 and a variety of malignancies was examined because of GAS5 capacity to trigger apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth.⁶ On the contrary, there are numerous ways in which the genetic polymorphism of GAS5 can impact carcinogenesis; the SNP rs145204276 del/del genotype of GAS5 was linked to a higher risk of cancer.^7,8

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1) is a class III histone deacetylase that requires NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and emerged as a potent mediator of various cellular processes, including DNA repair, cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, aging, and cancer.⁹ Based on the tumor types’ microenvironment, upstream regulators, and downstream target genes, the function of SIRT-1 is still controversial.¹⁰ Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine that controls how cells behave. It has numerous ways it affects epithelial cells and cell clusters that develop into carcinomas both in vitro and in vivo. Transforming growth factor-beta has been demonstrated to have dual impacts on the development and spread of cancer.¹¹ Therefore, it is crucial to research SIRT-1 and TGF-β regulation and function in BC.

Multiple forms of cancers have been linked to dysregulation of miRNA expression; thus, miRNA expression profiles may be diagnostic and/or prognostically significant for human malignancies, even if the molecular mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene regulation are still being studied. MicroRNA-182 is a part of the miR-183 cluster, which has significant roles in the development of many cancer types and is involved in drug resistance, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).¹² Moreover, it appears to have a significant effect on the metastasis of cancer cells.¹³

According to our knowledge, the correlation between genetic polymorphism of the GAS5 rs145204276 ins/del variant and SIRT-1, TGF-β, and miR-182 expression in patients with BC poorly understood; thus, the purpose of this study was to appraise the potential impact of GAS5 rs145204276 ins/del variant on the SIRT-1, TGF-β, and miR-182 expression and their diagnostic value in BC.

Materials and Methods

This study was conducted on 235 Egyptian participants during the period from March 2022 to October 2022, and all participants in the study provided their written, informed consent, which the BUC-Institutional Ethical Committee endorsed (BUC-IACUC-230122-13). Study participants were clinically categorized according to the participants’ histories and clinical examinations. The enrolled individuals’ diagnoses were verified using mammography. Consequently, they were categorized into 3 main groups. Group I comprises the control group that was recruited during the routine checkup (80 age-matched healthy women with no history of BC, fibroadenoma (FA), or palpable breast lumps in the family and no hypertension or diabetes mellitus). Group II included 40 patients with FA. Group 3 includes patients with BC. The clinical information was obtained from the reports of the patients including age, family history, and the state of menstrual cycles. None of the patients had had radiation, chemotherapy, or any form of antihormonal medication before taking part in the study.

Peripheral blood samples were divided into 2 tubes. One tube was used for the separation of serum for the estimation of SIRT-1, TGF-β, and miR-182 expression. DNA was extracted for GAS genotyping using the other tube, which included EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). All samples were handled at 4°C until they were stored for final analysis at −80°C. DNA extractions were performed simultaneously for all samples.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit provided by Shanghai SunRed Biological Technology (Shanghai, China) was used to calculate the serum SIRT-1 level. A kit provided by BioSource Europe SA (Nivelles, Belgium) was used to quantify serum TGF-β1 using the ELISA technique.¹⁴

Extraction and genotyping of growth arrest-specific rs145204276 (ins/del)

As instructed by the manufacturer, DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using the Qiagen-amplification extraction kit (Qiagen, Venlo, Limburg, Netherlands). The NanoDrop1-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Inc, Wilmington, USA) was used to evaluate the DNA content. Then, genotyping was performed via TaqMan allelic discrimination assay with predesigned primer/probe sets for rs2067079C/T (Assay ID: C_166593916_10) (Thermo Fisher), as previously described,¹⁵ using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Briefly, the amplification of DNA was carried out in a 25 μL volume, which contained 12.5 μL of TaqMan master mix, 1.25 μL of primer/probe, 1 μL of DNA, and 10.25 μL of H₂O, using the Rotor-Gene Q System (Qiagen). The following conditions were applied: 95°C for 10 minutes, then 45 cycles at 92°C for 15 seconds, and 60°C for 90 seconds.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of microRNA-182

Following the manufacturer’s instructions, total RNA extraction was performed using the miRNeasy extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). For gene expression assay, reverse transcription (RT) and PCR steps were carried out in the reaction well using the miScript II RT kit, miR-182-miScript primer assay (Catalog number # 218300, Qiagen), and the Maxima SYBR Green PCR kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) as instructed by the manufacturer. The cycle threshold method 2^−ΔΔCt¹⁶ was used to assay the relative miR-182 expression levels normalized to miRNA SNORD 68 as an internal reference.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed with SPSS (statistical package for the social sciences) version 22 for statistical analysis using descriptive statistics. The normality assumptions were verified for each variable by the Shapiro test. Group means were compared via 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey multiple range tests for pair-wise comparisons. The chi-square test was used to compare GAS rs145204276 (ins/del) frequency using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, and P < .05 was regarded as statistically significant. Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the diagnostic efficacy of serum miR-182 was visualized.

Results

The clinical and histopathologic data of the study participants are displayed in Table 1. The ages of the study’s participants ranged from 39 to 67. Breast cancer patients and healthy controls did not exhibit any age-related differences (P > .05). As shown in Table 1, we observed that 73% of the tumor size less than 5 cm, 79.10% of the patients displayed negative estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) status, and 28.70% of the breast patients exhibited M1 metastasis.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the patients and the healthy control.

Features		Healthy control (n = 80)	FA (n = 40)	BC (n = 115)	P
Age (mean ± SD)		51.26 ± 7.53^ab	48.55 ± 6.66^a	51.74 ± 7.65^b	.064
Menstrual status	Premenopausal	48 (60%)	34 (85%)	48 (41.70%)	<.05
Menstrual status	Postmenopausal	32 (40%)	6 (15%)	67 (58.30%)
Family history for BC	Yes	—	11 (27.5%)	68 (59.10%)	<.05
Family history for BC	No	80 (100%)	29 (72.5%)	47 (40.90%)
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	—	40 (100%)	26 (22.60%)	<.05
Diabetes mellitus	No	80 (100%)	—	89 (77.40%)
Tumor size	⩽5 cm	—	—	84 (73%)	N/A
Tumor size	>5 cm	—	—	31 (27%)
ER/PR status	−ve	—	—	91 (79.10%)	N/A
ER/PR status	+ve	—	—	24 (20.90%)
Metastasis	M0	—	—	82 (71.30%)	N/A
Metastasis	M1	—	—	33 (28.70%)

Abbreviations: −ve, negative; +ve, positive; BC, breast cancer; ER, estrogen receptor; FA, fibroadenoma; N/A, not applicable; PR, progesterone receptor; SD, standard deviation.

Significance at a P < .05.

a,b

Groups with different letters show significant difference, and those with similar letters show no significant difference.

On comparing the distribution of genotypic frequencies for GAS5 lncRNA genotypes of study participants (Table 2), a statistically significant difference was found (P = .04) concerning the GAS5 polymorphism. The distribution of the genotype ins/ins, del/ins, and del/del were 47%, 51.30%, and 1.70% and 42.50%, 46.30%, and 11.30% in the BC patients and healthy controls, respectively. In addition, BC patients with an ER/PR-positive status, the ins/ins genotype was more prevalent (Table 3).

Table 2.

Genotype frequency of GAS rs145204276 gene SNP among breast cancer patient participants.

Genotype	Healthy control (n = 80)	FA (n = 40)		BC (n = 115)
Genotype	Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)	P	Frequency (%)	P
ins/ins	34 (42.50)	21 (52.50)	1	54 (47)	1
ins/del	37 (46.30)	18 (45)	.55	59 (51.30)	.989
del/del	9 (11.30)	1 (2.50)	.116	2 (1.70)	.015

Abbreviations: BC, breast cancer; FA, fibroadenoma.

Results are expressed as number and in parentheses percentage. P < .05 is considered statistically significant. Chi-squared (χ²) test was performed to compare categorical data.

Table 3.

Genotype frequency of GAS rs145204276 gene SNP among breast cancer patients.

Genotype	ER/PR-negative	ER/PR-positive
Genotype	Frequency (%)	Frequency (%)	P
ins/ins	36 (39.60)	18 (75)	1
ins/del	53 (58.20)	6 (25)	.004
del/del	2 (2.20)	—	—

Abbreviations: ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor.

P value of difference in genotypes between ER/PR-negative subgroup and ER/PR-positive subgroup of BC patients group. Results are expressed as number and in parentheses percentage. P < .05 is considered statistically significant. Chi-squared (χ²) test was performed to compare categorical data.

Table 4 shows the levels of miR-182, TGF-β, and SIRT-1 expression in the serum of all recruited participants. Compared with matched healthy women, BC patients had a higher mean in concentration levels of serum TGF-β and SIRT-1 (Table 4). In addition, serum miR-182 expression level showed a noticeably (P < .05) upregulation in the BC patients versus the healthy participants. Moreover, miR-182, TGF-β, and SIRT-1 expression demonstrated a noticeable elevation in its differential expression in BC with M1 metastasis participants (Table 5).

Table 4.

Expression levels of SIRT-1, TGF-β, and miR-182 among healthy, FA, and BC study participants.

Parameters	Healthy control	FA		BC
Parameters	Mean ± SEM	Mean ± SEM	P	Mean ± SEM	P
SIRT-1 (ng/mL)	4.27 ± 0.066^a	4.66 ± 0.105^b	.007	8.22 ± 0.080^c	.001
TGF-β (ng/mL)	1.74 ± 0.034^a	6.26 ± 0.474^b	.001	10.46 ± 0.352^c	.001
miR-182	0.97 ± 0.006^a	1.31 ± 0.034^a	.556	6.13 ± 0.40^b	.001

Abbreviations: BC, breast cancer; FA, fibroadenoma; miR-182, microRNA-182; SIRT-1, sirtuin 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta.

Data were expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error mean); according to the Tukey multiple range test, the different letters indicate statistical significance different means.

Table 5.

Expression levels of SIRT-1, TGF-β, and miR-182 among BC study participants.

Study participants	SIRT-1 (ng/mL)	TGF-β (ng/mL)	miR-182
BC (M0)	8.09 ± 0.084	10.22 ± 0.417	5.25 ± 0.515
BC (M1)	8.54 ± 0.168	10.55 ± 0.663	8.32 ± 0.249
F value	6.869	0.188	13.702
P	<.05	>.05	<.001

Abbreviations: BC, breast cancer; miR-182, microRNA-182; SIRT-1, sirtuin 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta.

Data were expressed as mean ± SEM.

The concentration expression level of TGF-β and concentration levels of SIRT-1 revealed a strong positive correlation among BC patients (Figure 1A). In addition, a positive relationship between the SIRT-1 and the miR-182 differential expression was also noticed (Figure 1B). Moreover, a positive relationship between the TGF-β and the miR-182 differential expression was also noticed (Figure 1C).

Figure 1.

(A) Correlations between TGF-β and SIRT-1 expression levels of study participants. (B) Correlations between miR-182 and SIRT-1 expression levels of study participants. (C) Correlations between miR-182 and TGF-β expression levels of study participants. miR-182 indicates microRNA-182; SIRT-1, sirtuin 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta.

A ROC curve revealed that miR-182 distinguishes between participants with FA and healthy controls with 95% sensitivity and 96.25% specificity, in addition, differentiates BC patients from healthy controls with a sensitivity and specificity of 99.13% and 100%, respectively (Figure 2A and B). Serum miR-182 also separated FA participants from BC patients, the area under the curve (AUC) = 0.972, and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.947-0.998 with a sensitivity and specificity of 97.17% and 92.17%, respectively (Figure 2C). Breast cancer patients with M1 metastasis were distinguished from those with M0 metastasis by serum miR-182, AUC = 0.814, 95% CI = 0.737-0.890, a sensitivity and specificity of 63.41% and 100%, respectively (Figure 2D).

Figure 2.

(A) ROC analysis regarding miR-182 between FA and healthy controls. (B) ROC analysis regarding serum miR-182 BC and healthy controls. (C) ROC analysis regarding serum miR-182 FA participants from BC patients. (D) ROC analysis regarding serum miR-182 BC patients with M1 metastasis from M0 BC patients. AUC indicates area under the curve; FA, fibroadenoma; BC, breast cancer; miR-182, microRNA-182; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.

Discussion

According to published studies, the incidence rate of BC varies significantly due to the change in risk factors, which includes both modifiable and nonmodifiable factors, making the development and identification of biomarkers or approaches for early detection of malignancy look very promising.^17,18

Anomalies in lncRNA levels can serve as crucial cancer-specific diagnostic indicators as lncRNAs have emerged as important regulators of cellular functions.^19,20 The contradictory and divergent findings in the literature pose a considerable obstacle to practical use. Given the previous observations, our study aimed to explore the relationship between rs145204276 in the promoter of lncRNA GAS5 and BC risk. Moreover, our study aimed to assess the expression of miR-182 and its diagnostic value in patients with BC and correlates its expression level with the SIRT-1 and TGF-β levels.

We predicted that rs145204276 may be able to predict the risk of BC in this investigation. This idea was supported by our findings. We identified a link between the ins/ins genotype of rs145204276 and a greater risk of BC. Furthermore, in the current investigation, a highly significant association was observed between GAS5 rs145204276 and BC as evidenced by significantly higher ins/ins genotype distribution and ins allele frequency in BC patients compared with normal control subjects. These results imply the potential involvement of the ins allele of GAS5 rs145204276 SNP as a risk factor for BC.

The promoter region GAS5 rs145204276 may influence the methylation status at the seventh CpG site, which in turn may impact GAS5 expression.²¹ Tang et al²² demonstrated that the deletion allele in GAS5 rs145204276 may protect against the tendency for BC via binding to transcriptional factor specificity protein 1, which in turn increased GAS5 expression. Furthermore, Xiang et al²³ showed that patients with renal cell carcinoma had a statistically reduced prevalence of the genotype del/del in GAS5 rs145204276. According to Li et al,²⁴ both the genotypes ins/del and del/del showed a functional role in susceptibility to colorectal cancer.

Class III histone deacetylase (SIRT-1) plays a role in several biological processes, including DNA repair, cancer, and cell survival and proliferation.¹⁰ This study demonstrated that serum SIRT-1 levels in BC patients were considerably higher than in healthy subjects. Multiple human cancers, including prostate cancer, colon cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma, have been linked to increased SIRT-1 expression.²⁵ Our findings on elevated expression levels of SIRT-1 in BC patients are consistent with the work by Sung et al.²⁶ In addition, BC tissues exhibit significant SIRT-1 expression, as noted by Jin et al,²⁷ and Kuo et al.²⁸

Upregulation of SIRT-1 leads to deacetylated p53 inactivation, which makes it possible for cells to grow in the presence of DNA damage.⁹ As a result, mutations build up, including those in p53 itself, which impair cell cycle regulation and hasten tumor progression.^29,30 Despite the debate around SIRT-1’s role in carcinogenesis, Lin and Fang³¹ noted that SIRT-1 plays a consistent role in mediating cancer cell survival.

Regarding the relative expression of miR-182, current research has shown that miR-182 plays a critical regulatory role and functions as an oncogene in several malignancies.³² It has been widely noted as one of the most highly upregulated miRNAs in tumor tissues that promote the development and spread of BC, lung cancer, glioma, melanoma, and ovarian cancer tumors.³³ According to the findings of our study, there is a considerable increase in the expression of miR-182 and TGF-β in BC patients, and the M1 subgroup of BC patients experienced the highest expression in miR-182 and TGF-β levels. Recent research has shown that persistent TGF-β expression in BC is primarily linked to advanced stages of the disease and is a risk factor for substantial metastases.³⁴

The miR-182 expression was shown to be upregulated in BC patients, as previously reported, along with SIRT-1 and TGF-β expression increase. The SIRT-1/TGF-β axis is thought to be one of the crucial regulators of the genes involved in the development of cancer and metastasis. In addition, our results were consistent with the work by Zhao et al³⁵ and Farcas et al.³⁶

To explore the correlation underlying the signaling efficacy of SIRT-1/TGF-β and its modulatory effect on the miR-182 expression. Herein, Pearson’s statistical analysis revealed a noticeable positive correlation between the signaling of SIRT-1 and the differential expression of miR-182 and TGF-β. The miR-182 diagnostic performance was constructed using ROC curve analysis, which had a 95% CI: 0.989 to 1.002, P < .001, 95% sensitivity, and 96.25% specificity in the discrimination of patients with BC from study participants. In concordance with our results, Wang et al,³⁷ have identified miR-182 expression as a discriminator biomarker between BC and healthy controls, providing a potential diagnostic candidate. As far as we know, this is the first investigation pointed to the relationship between rs145204276 lncRNA GAS5 and BC risk with the differential expression of miR-182, and their correlation with the SIRT-1/TGF-β expression. However, the small sample size and lack of information on the status of Her2/Neu can be considered the main limitation of this study due to this study having no financial support and not being funded. Consequently, further large-scale clinical studies are required to clarify the relationship between miR-182, SIRT-1, and TGF-β with the SNP of lncRNA GAS5 in clinical trials. There are highlights that much work was still needed to clarify the connection between chemotherapy and ER/PR and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status. In future work, we look forward to illuminating the HER2 status and its impact on noncoding expression and crosstalk in BC prognosis.

Conclusions

The study highlighted the susceptibility of BC was associated with the frequency of the ins/ins genotype of the lncRNA GAS5 polymorphism. Moreover, our study clarified the crucial functions of SIRT-1 and TGF-β as viable candidates for therapeutic targets for BC and demonstrated the potential diagnostic use of miR-182 as a biomarker for BC.

Footnotes

Author Contributions

OGS and NAH contributed to the study’s conception and design. GA, OZ, and ME contributed to material preparation, data collection, and analysis. All authors read and approved the final article.

Declaration Of Conflicting Interests:

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding:

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Availability of Data and Materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the BUC-Institutional Ethical Committee provided its approval (grant no. BUC-IACUC-230122-13). All participants in the study provided written informed consent to participate.

ORCID iD

Nabil A Hasona

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The Implication of Growth Arrest-Specific 5 rs145204276 Polymorphism and Serum Expression of Sirtuin 1,Transforming Growth Factor-Beta,and microRNA-182 in Breast Cancer

Abstract

Background:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Extraction and genotyping of growth arrest-specific rs145204276 (ins/del)

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of microRNA-182

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Footnotes

Author Contributions

Declaration Of Conflicting Interests:

Funding:

Availability of Data and Materials

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

ORCID iD

References