Abstract
Background
Previous studies demonstrated that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was being implicated in the airways inflammation and remodeling process in patients with asthma.
Aims
We explored the relationship of three polymorphisms in the VEGF gene with asthma in both case control and family studies.
Methods
We Genotyped a total of 210 children with asthma, 224 unrelated controls and 160 parents for the +936 C > T (rs3025039), –634 G > C (rs2010963) and –2549 –2567 del 18 of the VEGF promoter region. The Mutations were identified with polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the +936 C > T, and –634 G > C polymorphisms.
Results
Of the three polymorphisms studied, a borderline association with asthma was found for the G allele in the –634 G > C polymorphism (p = 0.059). No Statistically significant differences were observed for both +936 C > T, and –2549 –2567 del 18 polymorphisms between asthmatic patients and controls, considering either allelic or genotypic frequencies. The distribution of genotypes according to the severity status revealed a significant differences for the +936 C > T, and –2549 –2567 del 18 polymorphisms. In addition, association was found with the haplotypes inferred by the three polymorphisms and asthma susceptibility.
Conclusion
We suggest that VEGF Gene polymorphisms can be implicated in asthma.
Keywords
Introduction
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major angiogenic factor and is a prime regulator of endothelial cell proliferation. It plays a crucial role in physiological vasculogenesis and vascular permeability (Ferrara, 1992 and Yancopoulos, 2000) The VEGF gene expression is regulated by a variety of hormones, growth factors, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Watson, 2000) hypoxia (Neufeld, 1999), and cytokines (Ferrara, 1999), including, Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-b), Interleukine 1 (IL-1) and Interleukine 6 (IL-6) (Ferrara, 2003), suggesting that several other angiogenic factors may act by regulating VEGF expression (Klagsbrun, 1996). Increased VEGF expression resulting in inappropriate VEGF-induced angiogenesis is implicated in a number of disease pathologies. It is also widely expressed within many different highly vascularized organs, including the lung (Maniscalco, 1997). Compelling evidence suggests that mucosal neovascularisation occurs in chronic asthma (Li, 1997 and Salvato, 2001) and the VEGF level was increased in the airways of subjects with both acute (Hoshino, 2001) and stable (Lee, 2001) asthma. Studies have implicated growth factors including vascular VEGF and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) derived from eosinophils, macrophages and smooth muscle cells in its causation (Hoshino, 2001). Inverse correlation of mucosal vascularity with airway calibre (Salvato, 2001) suggests that neovascularisation may contribute to airways obstruction. It has been reported that both the number and percentage of vessels in bronchial mucosa taken from subjects with even mild asthma were higher than those in control subjects (Li, 1997; Kuwano, 1993; Chetta, 2005). There is increasing evidence to support a key role for VEGF, as a mediator of structural changes in the airway wall of asthmatics. Further the VEGF was produced by epithelial cells and preferentially by Th2 versus Th1 cells. In this setting, it had a critical role in Th2 inflammation, cytokine production and physiologic dysregulation of atopic disease (Lee, 2004).
The human VEGF gene is localized in chromosome 6p21.3 (Lutty, 1996) and comprises a 14-kb coding region organized in eight exons, separated by seven introns (Vincenti, 1996). This region of the genome (6p21) contains the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and shows the strongest evidence for linkage to the asthma phenotype in most studies (wjst, 1999). The VEGF gene includes at least three polymorphisms that are relatively common and may influence VEGF expression. Two of these polymorphisms are located in the promoter region at –2549 –2567 del 18 and –634 G > C (rs2010963), relative to the translation start site, and have been associated with increased VEGF expression (Lambrechts, 2003 and Shahbazi, 2002) The third polymorphism located in the 3’ untranslated region (+936 C > T; rs3025039) is associated with substantially increased serum VEGF levels (Renner, 2000 and Krippl, 2003). Given that no data was shown to approve or to deny the implication of these polymorphisms with asthma disease, we further investigated the role of these polymorphisms in Tunisian asthmatic children.
Material and Methods
Subjects
Controls
The control group consisted of 224 children presenting to the emergency department of Tunis Children Hospital with other than respiratory or atopic complaints. To qualify as a control subjects, there should be no history of respiratory disease or asthma and no first degree relative with a history of asthma. All those controls did not suffer from any chronic disease and did not have any allergic disease (gave negative skin prick results, had normal total IgE level ≤200 UI/ml). Patients and controls belonged to the same ethnic group: African white Caucasian.
Patients
A total of 210 children (aged from 5 to 16 years, mean age 11.5) were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis and classification of the clinical severity of asthma was made according to the GINA guidelines.
This group of asthmatic children consisted of 5 subjects with intermittent asthma, 135 with mild persistent asthma, 60 with moderate persistent asthma, and 10 with severe persistent asthma. Atopic status was defined by a positive skin test reaction characterized by a wheal of 3mm in diameter, to a panel of common allergens in the presence of a positive histamine control and a negative uncoated control, and by measurement of total IgE level: positive values were taken as >200 IU/ml. (BECKMAN Access Immunoassay system. FR).
Among the 210 asthmatic children there were 139 atopics and 71 non atopics who had negative skin test responses to common allergens (skin prick tests were performed by specially trained nurses with a panel of common allergens). In our study asthma was frequently associated with a heterogeneous group of clinical disorders including rhinitis, sinusitis and dermatitis. The clinical profiles are shown in table 1.
The clinical characteristics of our study samples.
FEV1%, predicted: forced expiratory volume in 1s.
RGO: gastro-oesophageal reflux.
Families
Among the 210 asthmatic children, forty of them and their respective parents were also studied for linkage analyses.
All families were African white Caucasian and comprised the two parents and an affected child. Information on the prevalence of physician diagnosis of asthma in each family was ascertained by a questionnaire completed separately for each family member by the parents.
The study was approved by our National Ethics Committee and was conducted in accordance with the guidelines in the declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all parents of asthmatics and controls participating in this study.
Genotyping of Polymorphisms within the VEGF Gene
All asthmatics, their parents and controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. For +936 C > T (rs3025039) and –634 G > C (rs2010963) mutations and a simple polymerase chain reaction for 2549 –2567 del 18 of the VEGF promoter region.
The Total volume of the PCR was 25 µl containing 100 ng of genomic DNA, 1x PCR- Buffer (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), 0.5mM Of a dNTP-Mix (Fermentas), 0.5 Units of Taq DNA Polymerase (Fermentas) And 3 pmol of each primer (Biomers, Belgium). The Final MgCl2 Concentrations are 2, 3 and 4 respectively for the three polymorphisms. The primer used for +936 C< T are F: 5‘-aaggaagaggagactctgcgcagagc-3’ R: 5‘-taaat-gtatgtatgtgggtgggtgtgtctacag-3’, for –634 G > C F: 5‘- atttatttttgcttgccatt-3’ R: 5‘-gtctgtctgtctgtccgtca-3’, and for 2549 –2567 del 18 are F: 5‘-cctggagcgttttggttaaa-3’ R: 5‘-atataggaagcagcttggaa-3’. The PCR Comprised an initial denaturation step (95°C for 15 min.), 35 Cycles (95°C for 30 s, primer annealing temperature (66°C for +936 C > T, 59°C for –634 G > C and 54°C for 2549 –2567 del 18 for 30 s), 72°C for 30 s and a final extension step (72°C For 10 min.). The Volume of the restriction assays was 25 µl containing 10 µl of the PCR product, the appropriate Buffer, and 5U of each restriction enzyme Hin1II and FaqI for +936 C > T and –634 G > C polymorphisms respectively (Fermentas). For the +936 C > T the assay thus yields two bands: 122 and 86 bp for TT genotype, three bands for CT genotype: 208, 122, and 86 bp and one 208 bp band for CC. For the –634 G > C the assay thus yields two bands: 193 and 111 bp for GG genotype, three bands for GC genotype: 193, 111, and 304 bp and one 304 bp band for CC genotype. For the 2549 –2567 del 18 the Fragment Sizes were 234 bp when the insertion of 18(bp) is present and 216 bp when the deletion of 18 (bp) is present.
Statistical Analysis
Differences in alleles and genotypes frequencies between patients and healthy controls were compared using the standard Chi squared test (Epistat statistical package Epi Info version 6). When the expected cell number was less than 5, Fisher's exact test was used. The strength of a gene association is indicated by the odds ratio (OR). The odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated whenever applicable. Haplotypes analyses were determined based on a Bayesian algorithm using the phase program.
For the linkage analyses in family study, the TDT was used to test for transmission of alleles at a particular locus from heterozygous parents to their affected offspring (Spielman, 1993). The proportion of alleles transmitted from both mother and father was tested against a null hypothesis of 50% transmission by χ2 analysis. Probability values of 0.05 or less were regarded as statistically significant.
Results
The association between asthma and VEGF polymorphisms (+936 C > T, –634 G > C and –2549 –2567 del 18) was investigated by determining the occurrence of each genotype and alleles in asthmatic and control children. No significant difference was detected between the patient and control groups in genotype distribution of any of the polymorphisms studied (p = 0.15) (p = 0.059) (p = 0.56) respectively for +936 C > T, –634 G > C, and for –2549 –2567 del 18 (Table 2). The results showed that alleles of neither the +936 C > T, nor –2549 –2567 del 18 were found to be associated with asthma. A slight borderline association was found with allele distribution of the –634 G > C polymorphisms (p = 0.059).
Frequency of alleles and distribution of genotypes of VEGF polymorphisms in asthmatics and controls subjects.
We also estimated haplotypes for the +936 C > T, –634 G > C and –2549 –2567 del 18 Haplotypes analyses on these polymorphisms revealed functionally distinct haplotypes associated with asthma (p < 10-3) (Table 3). There are total of seven common haplotypes among both cases and controls. The distribution of different haplotypes was not similar between asthmatic and control children. The Most common haplotypes were: the –634
Haplotypes frequency of VEGF gene polymorphisms in asthmatics and controls children.
After applying the appropriate statistical analyses for each genetic variant, we did not observe any statistically significant deviation of the +936 C< T, –634 G > C and –2549 –2567 del 18 variants between atopic asthmatics and non atopic one (Table 4). The distribution of haplotype frequencies did not show any statistically significant differences between atopic and non atopic groups (data not shown).
Distribution of differents genotypes and alleles for the VEGF polymorphisms in the atopic and non atopic group of asthmatics children.
A statistically significant difference was demonstrated for genotype distribution of the VEGF polymorphisms +936 C > T (p = 0.0001) and for –2549 –2567 del 18 (p = 0.02), when the intermittent/mild and moderate/severe asthmatics were compared (Table 5).
The distribution of VEGF polymorphism according to the asthma severity.
Family study
Implicitly, we also assume that disease-susceptibility alleles are preferentially transmitted from parents to the affected offspring and that this effect can be captured by the transmission/ disequilibrium test (TDT). We tested eighty families of asthmatic children for a possible association between asthma and VEGF polymorphisms. Only 65, 68 and 71 families respectively for the –634 G > C, +936 C > T and 2549 –2567 del 18 polymorphisms, on which we can apply for the TDT (Table 6). TDT analysis showed transmission of C, C, and D allele of respectively –634 G > C, +936 C > T and 2549 –2567 del 18 polymorphisms to offspring with asthma occurred more frequently than G, T and I allele but not significant (p = 0.17) (p = 0.22) (p = 0.09).
Results of the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) for the VEGF polymorphisms.
Discussion
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by some common changes in asthmatic airway walls including growth and proliferation of new vessels (2002). Increased VEGF levels in induced sputum, (Asai, 2003; Asai, 2002; Kanazawa, 2002) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, (Feltis, 2006) and VEGF-positive cells in bronchial biopsies (Hoshino, 2001) have been found in patients with asthma compared to healthy controls. The increased vascularity of bronchial mucosa in asthmatic subjects has been related to increased numbers of VEGF-positive cells, suggesting a pathogenic role for VEGF in the pathology of the asthmatic airway (Hoshino, 2001). In addition, VEGF has been related to increased basement membrane thickness in biopsies from asthmatic patients, suggesting a possible role of VEGF in airway remodeling (Chetta, 2005). Given the important role of VEGF in asthma we performed a genetic study concerning VEGF in asthma.
The present study is the first to be conducted on asthmatic children, there are no studies of asthma and VEGF variants have been performed. We tested for an association between markers in VEGF gene with asthma. Given the important role of VEGF in the remodeling process in asthma, we looked for a possible difference in the allele and genotype frequencies of three polymorphisms (+936 C > T, –634 G > C and –2549 –2567 del 18 asthmatic and control children. For –2549 –2567 del 18 of the VEGF promoter region, we found no evidence of association between this polymorphism and asthma, which was supposed to have functional relevance in VEGF promoter activity. When we compared the distribution of genotypes among the group of asthmatics according to the severity status we conclude that two of these polymorphisms +936 C > T, and –2549 –2567 del 18 are associated with the severity status. Although the specific role of this polymorphism in the VEGF gene has not yet been elucidated, it appears that the D allele increase VEGF expression, as assessed by the increased VEGF activity of transcription 1.95 fold compared to the I allele (Yang, 2003). In addition to this promoter region polymorphism, the C allele of a common polymorphism located in the 3’ untranslated region (+936 C< T) is known to be associated with substantially increased serum VEGF levels (Shahbazi, 2002; Renner, 2000). Carriers of the 936 T allele have been shown to have lower VEGF plasma levels than non-carriers (Shahbazi, 2002; Renner, 2000). The 936 C allele is one of the core sequences for the potential binding of Papillomavirus regulator E2 and the C to T change at position 936 results in the loss of the core binding sequence for this transcription factor. The third polymorphisms that we have studied is the –634 G > C that reported to was significantly correlated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated VEGF production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy subjects, also highest production was observed for the GG genotype, the intermediate production for the CG genotype, and lowest production for the CC genotype (Watson, 2000). On the contrary to Awata et al. who found significantly higher VEGF levels in healthy subjects with the CC genotype than those with the other genotypes (Awata, 2002). In our study we didn't find any association between theses polymorphisms and asthma when we analyze each polymorphism independently. Therefore it would be helpful to have the plausibility of combining these three polymorphisms. The global test of haplotype association was statistically significant (p < 10–3) and we suggest that –634
The frequency of the T allele at the +936 C > T untranslated region of VEGF was (24.3%) in Tunisian control population. This frequency was the highest compared with Italian population frequency (19.4%), the American population (14%), and Korean population (13.4%) (Boiardi, 2003; Jacobs, 2006; Han, 2004). The frequency of the G allele at the –634 promoter region of VEGF gene in the present study is (50.4%) less than the frequencies found in American, Italian and Korean samples (68%, 61%, 57%) (Boiardi, 2003; Jacobs, 2006; Han, 2004); which is more than frequency founded in Greek ethnicity (29.2%) (Papazoglou, 2004), suggesting the ethnic variability in the allelic frequencies of this gene. Because of this variation in gene frequencies between different ethnic groups, it is of importance to note that it's crucial to generalize these findings when we try to establish the relationship between a polymorphic marker and asthma.
For the atopy part of this study, we did not find a significant statistically difference in the global distribution of genetic variants in spite the positive correlation found between VEGF and TH2 antigen sensitization (Lee, 2004) which imply that VEGF plays an important role in the development of atopy and subsequent atopic asthma.
A Major concern in case- control studies is the possibility of a false- positive association due to non homogeneity of the population structure. Indeed, one of the great advantages of family association study is the TDT which eliminates the possibility of spurious association due to population heterogeneity. The Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) is widely used as a robust statistical method to test for genetic association due to linkage based upon analysis of parent-proband trios. However, Concerns about the potential of such designs to generate false positives as a result of poor matching between cases and controls has led to increasing use of family-based association analysis and in particular, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) which overcomes this theoretical problem. But we fail to show any preferential transmission of alleles from parents to affected children and the TDT in the present study has not shown evidence for linkage between VEGF polymorphisms and asthma. This result can be explained by the inheritance of asthma and atopy which is likely to be complex and to be confounded by relatively small contributions from a number of different genes. It is also likely to be confounded by partial penetrance, by asymptomatic carriers who have not yet been exposed to the relevant environmental hazard and by disease phenocopies. All of these factors are likely to be operating, thereby decreasing the power of linkage analyses, which assume that asthma and atopy exhibits Mendelian inheritance.
We acknowledge several limitations to our study. We only evaluated three functional polymorphisms of VEGF located in the same chromosome region 6p21.3, in order to perform haplotype analysis. It is possible that other functional polymorphisms in the VEGF gene may affect the association between these polymorphisms and asthma risk. Needless to say, absence of an association between these specific polymorphisms of VEGF in case control and family study does not eliminate the importance of VEGF polymorphisms and their implication in the severity process of the disease. Although we demonstrated an association of +936 C > T with the severity of the disease, the investigation of –634 G > C polymorphism should not be discarded and further studies considering this genetic marker should be performed to evaluate its relevance in asthma.
Footnotes
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the grant from “ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique; DGRST Staff”. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Pr Béchir Zouari for invaluable discussions about the statistical analyses.