The research process for Māori (native to New Zealand) academic researchers who choose to carry out research within their own communities is a daunting enterprise. Dual accountability is a dominant feature of the research process and incorporates bicultural viewpoints, cross-cultural approaches, bilingualism and dichotomous roles. In addition, accountability to your own community as well as responsibility to the academy is an ever-present tension. This paper1 examines the implications of role duality for Māori researchers carrying out research within their own communities, although such implications may equally apply to indigenous researchers generally who find themselves in a similar situation. Examples within this paper are drawn from a PhD study that used a combined kaupapa Māori (Māori philosophy) and ethnographic methodology during more than two years of field research into the management and administrative processes of a marae (Māori community centre) in the Waikato.
BishopR. (1996a). Addressing Issues of Self-determination and Legitimation in Kaupapa Māori Research. In WebberB. (Ed.), He paepae korero: Research perspectives in Māori education.Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
3.
BishopR. (1996b). Collaborative research stories: Whakawhanaungatanga.Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.
4.
BishopR. (1997). Māori people's concerns about research into their lives.History of Education Review, 1(26), 25–41.
5.
CramF. (2001). Rangahau Māori: Tona tika, tona pono—the validity and integrity of Māori research. In TolichM. (ed.), Research ethics in Aotearoa/New Zealand.Auckland: Pearson Education.
6.
DesjarlaisR. (1997). Shelter blues: Sanity and selfhood among the homeless.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
7.
DurieE. (1998). Ethics and values in Māori research.He Pukenga Korero, 1(4), 19–27.
8.
DurieM. (2005, June). Whānau as a model for early intervention in conduct disorder. Paper presented at the Severe Conduct Disorder Conference, Wellington.
9.
GeertzC. (Ed.). (1973). The interpretation of culture.New York: Basic Books.
10.
Haig-BrownC. (1995). Taking control: Power and contradiction in First Nation's adult education.Vancouver: UBC Press.
11.
IrwinK. (1994). Māori research methods and processes: An exploration.Sites: A Journal For Radical Perspectives On Culture, 28, 25–43.
12.
KawagleyA. (1995). A Yupiaq worldview: A pathway to ecology and spirit.Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
13.
MarcusG., & FischerM. (1986). Anthropology as cultural critique: An experimental moment in the human sciences.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14.
SalmondA. (1985/1976). Hui: A study of Māori ceremonial gatherings (2nd edn). Auckland: Reed Methuen.
15.
SelbyR., Waitere-AngH., & Walsh-TapiataW. (1997). From the researched to the researchers: Māori women sharing their positions. In CurtisN., HowseJ., & McLeodL., (Eds), Edited Proceedings of the New Zealand Educational Administration Society Research Conference: New directions in educational leadership, the indigenous future.Auckland: New Zealand Educational Administration Society (in association with Auckland Institute of Technology).
16.
SmithG. (1992a). Research issues related to Māori education. In The issue of research and Māori.Auckland: Research Unit for Māori Education, University of Auckland.
17.
SmithG. (1992b). Tane-nui-a-rangi's Legacy: Propping up the sky: Kaupapa Māori as resistance and intervention.Auckland: Research Unit for Māori Education, University of Auckland.
18.
SmithG. (1995). Whakaoho whānau ohanga: The economics of whānau as an innovative intervention into Māori cultural and educational crises.He Pukenga Korero: A Journal of Māori Studies, 1, (1), 18–36.
19.
SmithL. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples.London: Zed Books.
20.
StokesE. (1985). Māori research and development: A discussion paper.Wellington: National Research Advisory Council, Social Sciences Committee.
21.
StollerP. (1989). The taste of ethnographic things.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
22.
Te AwekotukuN. (1991). He tikanga whakaaro: Research ethics in the Māori community. A discussion paper.Wellington: Manatu Māori Ministry of Māori Affairs.
23.
TearikiC., SpoonleyP., & TomoanaN. (1992). Te whakapakari te mana tangata: The politics and process of research for Māori.Palmerston North: Massey University, Department of Sociology.
24.
UphoffN. (1996). Preface. In BluntP., & WarrenD. (Eds), Indigenous organizations and development.London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
25.
Van MaanenJ. (1988). Tales of the field: On writing ethnography.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26.
Van MaanenJ. (1995). An end to innocence: The ethnography of ethnography. In Van MaanenJ. (Ed.), Representation in ethnography.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
27.
WalkerR. (1979). A consumer view of research [abstract].New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 14(Supplement), 91–93.
28.
WolcottH. (1999). Ethnography: A way of seeing.Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
29.
WrightS., & NelsonN. (1995). Participatory research and participant observation: Two incompatible approaches. In NelsonN., & WrightS. (Eds), Power and participatory development: Theory and practice.London: Intermediate Technology.
