Evaluation of Vascular Access Complications in Acute and Chronic Hemodialysis

Abstract

Purpose

This work aimed to determine the incidence of vascular access (VA)-related complications of temporary venous catheters in acute hemodialysis (HD) prescription, to study the survival rate of chronic HD patients who began HD with a catheter insertion and to evaluate associated complications.

Methods

The patients were classified into two groups. Group I, patients in whom venous catheters were inserted (652 patients). Group II, 80 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in whom an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was established.

Results

Complications in the femoral approach were bleeding from a femoral artery wall laceration in only 6/600 patients (1%), successfully repaired in all patients, bleeding from a punctured femoral artery in 30 patients (5%), the incidence of infection and removal was 40%. Other complications included groin hematoma in 3 patients (0.5%) and catheter thrombosis in 45 patients (7.5%). In the jugular vein approach, infection occurred in 6/30 patients (20%), thrombosis in 9 patients (30%), and accidental withdrawal in 2 patients (6.7%). In the subclavian vein approach, catheter dysfunction was found in 7/22 patients (32%), infection in 10 patients (45.5%), and failure to cannulate the vein in 3 patients (13.6%). In group II, limb edema was found in 14/80 patients (17.5%), hematoma in 5 patients (6.3%), accidental trauma to the fistula in 2 patients (2.5%) and fistula stenosis in 15 patients (18.8%). Patients who began HD with a catheter had higher mortality than those who began with an AVF (12 months survival, respectively, 60 vs. 83%).

Conclusion

Patients who began HD with a catheter had more complications and higher mortality. Routine quality assessment of AVF by Doppler ultrasound is recommended.