MakiD.G.Infections caused by intravascular devices used for infusion therapy: Pathogenesis, prevention and management. In: BisnoA.L., WaldvogelF.A. eds. Infections associated with indwelling medical devices.2nd ed.Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology1994: 155–212.
2.
ByersK., AdalK., AnglimA.Case fatality rate of catheter related bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis. Proceeding of the 5th annual meeting of the Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America, 1995 (abstract 43).
3.
HeiselmanD.Nosocomial bloodstream infections in the critically ill.JAMA1994; 272: 1819–20.
MakiD.G.Nosocomial bacteraemia - an epidemiologic overview.Am J Med1981; 70: 719–32.
6.
HendersonD.K.Bacteremia due to percutaneous intravascular devices. In: MandellG.L., DouglasR.G., BennettJ.E. eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases.4th ed.New York: Churchill Livingstone Press1995: 2587–99.
7.
DankerW.M., SpectorS.A., FierrerJ.Malassezia fungemia in neonates and adults: complication of hyperalimentation.Rev Infect Dis1987; 9: 743–53.
8.
FreemanJ., GoldmannD.A., SmithN.E.Association of intravenous lipid emulsion and coagulasenegative staphylococcal bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units.N Engl J Med1990; 323: 301–8.
9.
MakiD.K., StolzS.M., WheelerS., MermelL.A.Prevention of central venous catheter-related blood-stream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter: a randomized, controlled trial.Ann Intern Med1997; 127: 257–66.
10.
MermelL.A., McCormickR.D., SpringmanS.R., MakiD.G.The pathogenesis and epidemiology of catheter-related infection with pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheters: a prospective study utilizing molecular subtyping.Am J Med1991; 91(Suppl): S197–205.
11.
RaadI.I., CostertonW., SabharwalU.Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement.J Infect Dis1993; 168: 400–7.
12.
McGeerA., RighterJ.Improving our ability to diagnose infections associated with central venous catheters: Value of Gram's staining and culture of entry site swabs.Can Med Assoc J1987; 137: 1009–21.
13.
SnydmanD.R., GorbeaH.F., PoberB.R.Predictive value of surveillance skin cultures in total-parenteral-nutrition-related infection.Lancet1982; 2: 1385–8.
14.
MakiD.G., RingerM., AlvaradoC.J.Prospective randomized trial of povidone-iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters.Lancet1991; 338: 339–43.
15.
JohnJ.F.Jr.. Molecular analysis of nosocomial epidemics.Infect Dis Clin North Am1989; 3: 683–700.
16.
FuchsP.C., GustafsonM.E., KingJ.T.Assessment of catheter-associated infection risk with the Hickman right atrial catheter.Infect Control1984; 5: 226–30.
17.
PressO.W., RanseyP.G., LarsonE.B.Hickman catheter infections in patients with malignancies.Medicine1984; 63: 189–200.
18.
WurzelC.L., HalomC., FeldmanJ.G.Infection rates of Broviac-Hickman catheters and implantable venous devices.Am J Dis Child1988; 142: 536–40.
19.
Sitges-SerraA., PuigP., LinaresJ.Hub colonization as the initial step in on outbreak of catheter-related sepsis due to coagulase negative staphylococci during parenteral nutrition.JPEN1984; 8: 668–72.
20.
CobbD.K., HighK.P., SawyerR.G.A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary artery catheters.N Engl J Med1991; 327: 1062–68.
21.
TimsitJ.F., SabilleV., FarkasJ.C.Effect of subcutaneous tunneling on internal jugular catheter-related sepsis in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized multicenter study.JAMA1996; 276: 1416–20.
22.
ReaganD.R., PfallerM.A., HollisR.J., WenzelR.P.Characterization of the sequence of colonization and nosocomial candidemia using DNA fingerprinting and a DNA probe.J Clin Microbiol1990; 28: 2733–8.
23.
StrausbaughL.J., SewellD.L., WardT.T.High frequency of yeast carriage on hands of hospital personnel.J Clin Microbiol1994; 32: 2299–300.
24.
EltingL.S., BodeyG.P.Septicemia due to Xanthomonas species and non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas species; increasing incidence of catheter-related infections.Medicine (Baltimore)1990; 69: 196–306.
25.
SalehR.H., SchorinM.A.Bacillus spp. sepsis associated with Hickman catheters in patients with neoplastic diseases.Pediatr Infect Dis J1987; 6: 851–6.
26.
VaudauxP., PittetD., HaeberliA.Host factors selectively increase staphylococcal adherence on inserted catheters: a role for fibronectin and fibrinogen or fibrin.J Infect Dis1989; 160: 865–75.
27.
RaadI.I., LunaM., KhalilS.M.The relationship between the thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters.JAMA1994; 13: 1014–16
28.
BoualiA., RobertR., TronchinG., SenetJ.M.Characterization of binding of human fibrinogen to the surface of germ-tubes and mycelium of Candida albicans.J Gen Microbiol1987; 133: 545–51.
29.
HermannM., VaudauxP.E., PittetD.Fibronectin, fibrinogen, and laminin act as mediators of adherence of clinical staphylococcal isolates to foreign material.J Infect Dis1988; 158: 693–701.
30.
LopesJ.D., Dos ReisM., BrentaniR.R.Presence of laminin receptors in Staphylococcus aureus.Science1985; 229: 275–7.
31.
HermannM., SuchardS.J., BoxerL.A.Thrombospondin binds to Staphylococcus aureus and promotes staphylococcal adherence to surfaces.Infect Immun1991; 59: 279–88.
32.
VaudauxP., PittetD., HaeberliA.Fibronectin is more active than fibrin or fibrinogen in promoting Staphylococcus aureus adherence to inserted intravascular catheters.J Infect Dis1993; 167: 633–41.
33.
StrindenW.D., HelgersonR.B., MakiD.G.Candida septic thrombosis of the great central veins associated with central catheters.Ann Surg1985; 202: 653–8.
34.
MermelL.A.Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections.Ann Intern Med2000; 132: 391–402.
35.
GreenfieldJ.I., SampathL., PopiskisS.J.Decreased bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine impregnated central venous catheters implanted in swine.Crit Care Med1995; 23: 894–900.
36.
BachA., BohrerH., MotschJ.Prevention of bacterial colonization of intravenous catheters by antiseptic impregnation of polyurethane polymers.J Antimicrob Chemother1994; 33: 969–78.
37.
RaadI., DarouicheR., DupuisJ. and the Texas Medical Center Catheter Study Group. Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections: a randomized double-blind trial.Ann Intern Med1997; 127: 267–74.
38.
VeenstraD.L., SaintS., SahaS.Efficacy of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters in prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis.JAMA1999; 281: 261–7.
39.
CiresiD., AlbrechtR.M., VolkersP.A., ScholtenD.J.Failure of an antiseptic bonding to prevent central venous catheter-related infection and sepsis.Am Surg1996; 62: 641–6.
40.
PembertonL.B., RossV., CuddyP.No difference in catheter sepsis between standard and antiseptic central venous catheters: a prospective randomized trial.Arch Surg1996; 131: 986–9.
41.
HeardS.O., WagleM., VijayakumarE.Influence of triple-lumen central venous catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia.Arch Intern Med1998; 158: 81–7.
42.
LoggheC., Van OsselC., D'HooreW.Evaluation of chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of bloodstream infection in leukemia patients: a randomized controlled trial.J Hosp Infect1997; 37: 147–56.
43.
RaadI., DarouicheR., HachemR.The broad spectrum activity and efficacy of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin.J Infect Dis1996; 173: 418–24.
44.
BachA., SchmidtH., BottigerB.Retention of antibacterial activity and bacterial colonization of antiseptic-bonded central venous catheters.J Antimicrob Chemother1996; 37: 315–22.
45.
TcholakianR.K., RaadI.I.Durability of anti-infective effect of long-term silicone sheath catheters impregnated with antimicrobial agents.Antimicrob Agents Chemother2001; 45: 1990–3.
46.
OdaT., HamasakiJ., KandaN., MikamiK.Anaphylactic shock induced by an antiseptic-central venous catheter.Anesthesiology1997; 87: 1242–4.
47.
DarouicheR.O., RaadI.I., HeardS.O. for the Catheter Study Group. A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters.N Engl J Med1999; 340: 1–8.
48.
TambeS.M., SampathL., ModakS.M.In vitro evaluation of the risk of developing bacterial resistance to antiseptics and antibiotics used in medical devices.J Antimicrob Chemother2001; 47: 589–98.
49.
MakiD.G., CobbL., GarmanJ.K.An attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of infection with central venous catheters: a prospective randomized multicenter trial.Am J Med1988; 85: 307–14.
50.
BonawitzS.C., HammellJ.J., KirkpatrickJ.R.Prevention of central venous catheter sepsis: a prospective randomized trial.Am Surg1991; 57: 518–23.
51.
DahlbergP.J., AggerW.A., SingerJ.R.Subclavian hemodialysis catheter infections: a prospective randomized trial of an attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of catheter-related infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol1995; 15: 506–11.
52.
GroegerJ.S., LucasA.B., ColtD.A prospective, randomized evaluation of the effect of silver impregnated subcutaneous cuffs for preventing tunneled chronic venous access catheter infections in cancer patients.Ann Surg1993; 218: 206–10.
53.
ClementiE., MarieO., ArletG.Usefulness of an attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of catheter-related sepsis (CRS). Program and abstracts of the 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. September 29 to October 2, 1991; Chicago, III, and Washington, DC (abstract 460).
54.
HemmerleinJ.B., TrerotolaS.O., KrausM.A.In vitro cytotoxicity of silver-impregnated collagen cuffs designed to decrease infection in tunneled catheters.Radiology1997; 204: 363–7.
RaadI., HachemR., ZermenoA.Silver iontophoretic catheter: a prototype of a long term anti-infective vascular access device.J Infect Dis1996; 173: 495–8.
57.
MakiD.G., MermelL.A., KlugerD.The efficacy of a chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge (biopatch) for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Program and abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. September 17–20, 2000; Toronto, Ontario (abstract 1430).
58.
GarlandJ.S., AlexC.P., MuellerC.D.A randomized trial comparing povidone-iodine to a chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated dressing for prevention of central venous catheter infection in neonates.Pediatrics2001; 107: 1431–6.
59.
KryzwdaE.A., AndrisD.A., EdmistonC.E.Jr., QuebbemanE.J.Treatment of Hickman catheter sepsis using antibiotic lock technique.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol1995; 16: 596–8.
60.
BenoitJ.L., CarandangG., SitrinM., ArnowP.M.Intraluminal antibiotic treatment of central venous catheter infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition at home.Clin Infect Dis1995; 21: 1286–8.
61.
SchwartzC., HenricksonK.J., RoghmannK., PowellK.Prevention of bacteremia attributed to luminal colonization of tunneled central venous catheters with vancomycin-susceptible organisms.J Clin Oncol1990; 8: 591–7.
62.
RackoffW.R., WeimanM., JakobowskiD.A randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of a heparin and vancomycin solution in preventing central venous catheter infections in children.J Pediatr1995; 127: 147–51.
63.
HenricksonK.J., AxtellR.A., HooverS.M.Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections and thrombotic events in immuno-compromised children by the use of vancomycin/ciprofloxacin/heparin flush solution: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind trial.J Clin Oncol2000; 18: 1269–78.
64.
SpaffordP.S., SinkinR.A., CoxC.Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infections Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep1994; 44: 1–13.
65.
SieradzkiK., RobertsR.B., SerurD.Recurrent peritonitis in a patient on dialysis and prophylactic vancomycin.Lancet1998; 351: 880–1.
66.
HiramatsuK., AritakaA.N., HanakiH.Dissemination in Japanese hospitals of Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin.Lancet1997; 350: 1670–3.
67.
HiramatsuK., AritakaA.N., HanakiH.Interim guidelines for prevention and control of staphylococcal infections associated with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep1997; 46: 626–8.
68.
SmithT.L., PearsonM.L., WilcoxK.R., for the Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.N Engl J Med1999; 340: 493–501.
69.
SieradzkiK., RobertsR.B., HaberS.W., TomaszA.The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.N Engl J Med1999; 340: 517–23.
70.
RaadI., BuzaidA., RyneJ.Minocycline and ethylenediaminetetracetate for the prevention of recurrent vascular catheter infections.Clin Infect Dis1997; 25: 149–51.
71.
BleyerA., MasonL., RaadI., SherertzR.A randomized, double-blind trial comparing minocycline/ED-TA vs heparin as flush solutions for hemodialysis catheters. Program and abstracts of 4th Decennial Conference Program Committee. March 5–9, 2000; Atlanta, Ga. (abstract P-S1-31).
72.
SeguraM., AllaC., ValverdeJ.Assessment of a new hub design and the semiquantitative catheter culture method using an in vivo experimental model of catheter sepsis.J Clin Microbiol1990; 28: 2551–4.
73.
SeguraM., Alvarez-LermaF., TellaboJ.M.Advances in surgical technique: a clinical trial on the prevention of catheter-related sepsis using a new hub model.Ann Surg1996; 223: 363–9.
74.
LunaL., MasdeuG., PerezM.Clinical trial evaluating a new hub device designed to prevent catheter–related sepsis.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis2000; 19: 655–62.
75.
Siegman-IgraY., AnglimA.M., ShapiroD.Diagnosis of vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis.J Clin Microbiol1997; 35: 928–36.
76.
LeisureM.K., MooreD.M., SchwartzmamJ.D.Changing the needle when inoculating blood cultures: a no benefit and high risk procedure.JAMA1990; 264: 2111–12
77.
PearsonM.L.Guideline for prevention of intravascular device-related infections. Part I. Intravascular device-related infections: an overview. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee.Am J Infect Control1996; 24: 262–77.
SherertzR.J., RaadI.I., BelaniA.Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory.J Clin Microbiol1990; 28: 76–82.
80.
Brun-BuissonC., AbroukF., LegrandP.Diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sepsis: critical level of quantitative tip cultures.Arch Intern Med1987; 147: 873–7.
81.
CleriD.J., CorradoM.L., SeligmanS.J.Quantitative culture of intravenous catheters and other intravascular inserts.J Infect Dis1987; 141: 781–6.
82.
SherertzR.J., HeardS.O., RaadI.I.Diagnosis of triple-lumen catheter infection: comparison of roll plate, sonication and flushing methodologies.J Clin Microbiol1997; 35: 641–6.
83.
RaadI.I., SabbaghM.F., RandK.H., SherertzR.J.Quantitative tip culture methods and the diagnosis of central venous catheter-related infections.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis1992; 15: 13–20.
84.
WidmerA.F., NettlemanM., FlintK., WenzelR.P.The clinical impact of culturing central venous catheters: a prospective study.Arch Intern Med1992; 152: 1299–302.
85.
CapdevilaJ.A., PlanesA.M., PalomarM.Value of differential quantitative blood cultures in the diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis1992; 11: 403–7.
86.
FlynnP., ShenebJ., StrokesD., BarretF.“In situ” management of confirmed central venous catheter-related bacteremia.Pediatr Infect Dis1987; 6: 729–34.
87.
BlotF., SchmidtE., NitenbergG.Earlier positivity of central-venous-versus peripheral-blood cultures is highly predictive of catheter-related sepsis.J Clin Microbiol1998; 36: 105–9.
88.
BlotF., NitenbergG., ChachatyE.Diagnosis of catheter-related bacteremia: a prospective comparison of the time to positivity of hub-blood versus peripheral-blood cultures.Lancet1999; 354: 1071–7.
89.
KiteP., DobbinsB.M., WilcoxM.H.Evaluation of a novel endoluminal brush method for in situ diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis.J Clin Pathol1997; 50: 278–82.
90.
KiteP., DobbinsB.M., WilcoxM.H., McMahonM.J.Rapid diagnosis of central-venous-catheter-related bloodstream infection without catheter removal.Lancet1999; 354: 1504–7.