Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Purpose

To assess the correlation of the worldwide prevalence of visual impairment and depressive disorders.

Methods

This is an ecologic study on Global Burden of Disease 2019 data. Global and national prevalence numbers and rates of vision impairment (VI) and depressive disorders were obtained from database. The human development index (HDI) and socio-demographic index (SDI) were derived from international open databases. Main outcome measures were the correlation of the VI and depressive disorders in total and different age, sex, and socioeconomic subgroups.

Results

In 2019, the worldwide prevalence of total VI and total depressive disorders were 9.6% (95% Uncertainty Interval (UI): 8.0–11.3) and 3.8% (95% UI: 3.4-4.2), respectively. The prevalence rates of total VI (r = 0.38, P < 0.001) as well as cataract (r = 0.43, P < 0.001), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (r = 0.32, P < 0.001), refractive disorders (r = 0.19, P < 0.001) and near vision loss (r = 0.33, P < 0.001) correlated, positively, with dysthymia. In addition, the prevalence rates of glaucoma (r for total depressive disorders = 0.37, P < 0.001 and r for major depressive disorders (MDD) = 0.38, P < 0.001) and AMD (r for total depressive disorders = 0.37, P < 0.001 and r for MDD = 0.28, P < 0.001) had a positive correlation with MDD and total depressive disorders. The correlations remained significant in sociodemographic subgroups.

Conclusion

There was a significant correlation between national prevalence rates of VI and ocular disabilities with depressive disorders, worldwide.

Keywords

blindness depression global burden of disease prevalence vision impairment

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e130–e143.

Crews

Jones

Kim

. Double jeopardy: the effects of comorbid conditions among older people with vision loss. J Visual Impairment Blindness 2006; 100: 824–848.

Demmin

Silverstein

. Visual impairment and mental health: unmet needs and treatment options. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14: 4229–4251.

Court

McLean

Guthrie

, et al. Visual impairment is associated with physical and mental comorbidities in older adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med 2014; 12: 181.

Nollett

Bray

Bunce

, et al. High prevalence of untreated depression in patients accessing low-vision services. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 440–441.

Rees

Xie

Holloway

, et al. Identifying distinct risk factors for vision-specific distress and depressive symptoms in people With vision impairment. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci 2013; 54: 7431.

Choi

Lee

S-M

. Visual impairment and risk of depression: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 2083.

GBD 2019 Cause and Risk Summaries. Available at http://www.healthdata.org/results/gbd_summaries/2019/. Accessed 6 May 2021.

Engineer

King

Roy

. The human development index as a criterion for optimal planning. Indian Growth and Development Review 2008; 1: 172–192.

10.

Socio-demographic Index (SDI). available at http://www.healthdata.org/taxonomy/glossary/socio-demographic-index-sdi. Accessed 6 May 2021.

11.

Khanna

Raman

Rao

. Blindness and poverty in India: the way forward. Clin Exp Optom 2007; 90: 406–414.

12.

Trimmel

. Inequality and inequity in eye health. Community Eye Health 2016; 29: 1–3.

13.

Peters

Garg

Bloom

, et al. Poverty and access to health care in developing countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1136: 161–171.

14.

Eye health and universal health coverage. Available at https://www.iapb.org/advocate/eye-health-and-universal-health-coverage/. Accessed 11 November 2021.

15.

Special initiative for mental health (2019–2023). Available at https://www.who.int/initiatives/who-special-initiative-for-mental-health. Accessed 11 November 2021.

16.

Horowitz

Reinhardt

Kennedy

. Major and subthreshold depression among older adults seeking vision rehabilitation services. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13: 180–187.

17.

Brown

Sharma

, et al. The burden of age-related macular degeneration: a value-based medicine analysis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2005; 103: 173–184.

18.

Garcia

Khoshnevis

Gale

, et al. Profound vision loss impairs psychological well-being in young and middle-aged individuals. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11: 417–427.

19.

Jones

Crews

Danielson

. Health risk profile for older adults with blindness: an application of the international classification of functioning, disability, and health framework. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2010; 17: 400–410.

20.

Ishtiaq

Chaudhary

Rana

, et al. Psychosocial implications of blindness and low vision in students of a school for children with blindness. Pak J Med Sci 2016; 32: 431–434.

21.

Yimer

Buli

Nenko

, et al. The prevalence and determinant factors of self-reported depressive symptoms Among elderly people with visual impairment attending an outpatient clinic in Ethiopia. Clin Optom 2021; 13: 63–72.

22.

Ishii

Kabata

Oshika

. The impact of cataract surgery on cognitive impairment and depressive mental status in elderly patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146: 404–409.

23.

Owsley

McGwin

Jr Scilley

, et al. Effect of refractive error correction on health-related quality of life and depression in older nursing home residents. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125: 1471–1477.

24.

Rees

Mellor

Holloway

, et al. Integrated depression management: a proposed trial of a new model of care in a low vision rehabilitation setting. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2013; 20: 321–329.

25.

GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the right to sight: an analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e144–e160.

26.

Chen

Lai

Wang

, et al. The association between glaucoma and risk of depression: a nationwide populationbased cohort study. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18: 146.

27.

Berchuck

Jammal

Mukherjee

, et al. Impact of anxiety and depression on progression to glaucoma among glaucoma suspects. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021; 105(9): 1244-1249.

28.

Nijm

Benito-Llopis

Rossi

, et al. Understanding the dual dilemma of Dry Eye and glaucoma: an international review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9: 481–490.

29.

Bitar

Olson

, et al. The correlation between Dry eyes, anxiety and depression: the Sicca, anxiety and depression study. Cornea 2019; 38: 684–689.

30.

Galor

Covington

Levitt

, et al. Neuropathic ocular pain due to dry eye is associated with multiple comorbid chronic pain syndromes. J Pain 2015; 17: 310–318.

31.

Yang

, et al. Investigation of the psychological health of first-year high school students with myopia in guangzhou. Brain Behav 2020; 10: e01594.

32.

Lazarczyk

Urban

Konarzewska

, et al. The differences in level of trait anxiety among girls and boys aged 13–17 years with myopia and emmetropia. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16: 13–17.

33.

Dias

Manny

RE.

Hyman

, et al. The Comet Group. The relationship between self-esteem of myopic children and ocular and demographic characteristics. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79:688–696.

34.

Katz

Berlin

. Psychological stress in childhood and myopia development. Optom Vis Perf 2014; 2: 289–296.

35.

Castanon Holguin

Congdon

Patel

, et al. Factors associated with spectacle-wear compliance in school-aged Mexican children. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 925–928.

36.

Narayanan

Kumar

Ramani

. Spectacle compliance among adolescents: a qualitative study from southern India. Optom Vis Sci 2017; 94: 582–587.

37.

Odedra

Wedner

Shigongo

, et al. Barriers to spectacle use in Tanzanian secondary school students. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008; 15: 410–417.

38.

Rose

Harper

Tromans

, et al. Quality of life in myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 1031–1034.

39.

Sun

, et al. Myopia and depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults. PLoS ONE 2017; 12: e177613.

40.

Sedgwick

. Ecological studies: advantages and disadvantages. Br Med J 2014; 348: g2979.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.05 MB