Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background:

One of the directions of modern ophthalmology is toward an odontoiatric model, and new settings of eye care are becoming the standard of care: one day surgery and also office-based therapies.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of three tertiary-care centers in Italy and analysis of the literature.

Results:

We provide readers with state-of-the-art measures of prophylaxis in ophthalmic surgery.

Discussion and conclusion:

Role of antibiotics is criticized in the light of stewardship antimicrobial paradigm.

Keywords

Endophthalmitis antibiotics choosing wisely paradigm appropriateness ophthalmic surgery

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Lundström

Wendel

Duration of self assessment benefit of cataract extraction: a long term study. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 1017–1020.

Busbee

Brown

et al . Incremental cost-effectiveness of initial cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 606–613.

World Health Organization. Global initiative for elimination of avoidable blindness. WHO/PBL/97.61 Rev 2. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.

Klein

BEK

Howard

Lee

et al . Changing incidence of lens extraction over twenty years: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 5–9.

Grosso

Arias

Mariotti

et al . Recent advancements in vitreoretinal techniques—a critical reappraisal. Eur Ophthalmic Rev 2014; 8(1): 46–52.

Englander

Chen

Paschalis

et al . Intravitreal injections at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary: analysis of treatment indications and postinjection endophthalmitis rates. Br J Ophthalmol 2013; 97: 460–465.

Kim

Chomsky

Sternberg

Jr.

Reducing the risk of endophthalmitis after intravitreous injection. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131(5): 674–675.

Hsu

Gerstenblith

Garg

et al . Conjunctival flora antibiotic resistance patterns after serial intravitreal injections without postinjection topical antibiotics. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157: 514–518.

Grosso

A critical debate about the prophylaxis strategies in patients who undergo intravitreal injections is warranted. Retina 2008; 28(10): 1556–1559.

10.

Alabiad

Miller

Schiffman

et al . Antimicrobial resistance profiles of ocular and nasal flora in patients undergoing intravitreal injections. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152(6): 999–1004.

11.

Abell

Kerr

Allen

et al . Intravitreal injections: is there benefit for a theatre setting? Br J Ophthalmol 2012; 96(12): 1474–1478.

12.

Brynskov

Kemp

Sørensen

TL.

No cases of endophthalmitis after 20,293 intravitreal injections in an operating room setting. Retina 2014; 34(5): 951–957.

13.

Tabandeh

Boscia

Sborgia

et al . Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal injections: office-based setting and operating room setting. Retina 2014; 34(1): 18–22.

14.

Parke

2nd Coleman

Rich

et al . Choosing wisely: five ideas that physicians and patients can discuss. Ophthalmology 2013; 120(3): 443–444.

15.

Grosso

Pertile

Marchini

et al . Adherence to European Society for Cataract and Refractive Surgery recommendations amongst Italian cataract surgeons: a survey. Eur J Ophthalmol 2016; 26(5): 398–404.

16.

Cao

Zhang

et al . Risk factors for acute endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2013; 8(8): e71731.

17.

Endophthalmitis Study Group European Society of Cataract Refractive Surgeons. Prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: results of the ESCRS multicenter study and identification of risk factors. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33(6): 978–988.

18.

Barry

Cordoves

Gradner

ESCRS guidelines for prevention and treatment of endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: data, dilemmas and conclusions

2013, www.escrs.org (accessed July 2014).

19.

Fayers

Loh

Cordeiro

et al . Overprescribing of antibiotics by UK ophthalmologists. Eye 2018; 32(2): 240–242.

20.

Matsuura

Mori

Miyamoto

et al . Survey of Japanese ophthalmic surgeons regarding perioperative disinfection and antibiotic prophylaxis in cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8: 2013–2018.

21.

Beselga

Campos

Castro

et al . Postcataract surgery endophthalmitis after introduction of the ESCRS protocol: 5-year study. Eur J Ophthalmol 2014; 24(4): 516–519.

22.

Barry

Adoption of intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis of endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: update on the ESCRS Endophthalmitis Study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40(1): 142–138.

23.

Kam

Buck

Dawkins

et al . Survey of prophylactic intracameral antibiotic use in cataract surgery in an Australian context. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 42(4): 398–400.

24.

Scott

Flynn

Jr Dev

et al . Endophthalmitis after 25 gauge and 20 gauge pars plana vitrectomy: incidence and outcomes. Retina 2008; 28(1): 138–142.

25.

Recchia

Scott

Brown

et al .; Ophthalmic Technology Assessment Committee Retina Panel. Small gauge pars plana vitrectomy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2010; 117(9): 1851–1857.

26.

Govetto

Virgili

Menchini

et al . A systematic review of endophthalmitis after microincisional versus 20g vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 2013; 120(11): 2286–2291.

27.

Bahrani

Fazelat

Thomas

et al . Endophthalmitis in the era of small gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy—meta analysis and review of the literature. Semin Ophthalmol 2010; 25(5–6): 275–282.

28.

Kaiser

Prenner

Scott

et al . The microsurgical safety task force: evolving guidelines for minimizing the risk of endophthalmitis associated with microincisional vitrectomy surgery. Retina 2010; 30(4): 692–699.

29.

Meredith

McCannel

Barr

et al . Postinjection endophthalmitis in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials (CATT). Ophthalmology 2015; 122(4): 817–821.

30.

Figurska

[Azithromycin in prophylaxis of intravitreal injections in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration]. Klin Oczna 2011; 113(1–3): 38–41 (in Polish).

31.

Tominaga

Oshima

Wakabayashi

et al . Bacterial contamination of the vitreous cavity associated with transconjunctival 25-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmology 2010; 117(4): 811–817.

32.

Chen

Khurana

Nguyen

et al . The incidence of endophthalmitis following transconjunctival sutureless 25- vs 20-gauge vitrectomy. Eye 2009; 23(4): 780–784.

33.

Chang

Chianq

et al . Comparison of transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy and standard 20 gauge vitrecto my for patients with cataract and vitreoretinal diseases. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31: 1198–1207.

34.

Hwang

Yoon

Kim

et al . Combined phacoemulsification, foldable intraocular lens implantation, and 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32: 727–731.

35.

Oshima

Ohji

Tano

Surgical outcomes of 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery for vitreoretinal diseases. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2006; 35(3): 175–180.

36.

Ayyala

Bellows

Thomas

et al . Bleb infections: clinically different courses of “blebitis” and endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997; 28(6): 452–460.

37.

Soltau

Rothman

Budenz

et al . Risk factors for glaucoma filtering bleb infections. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118(3): 338–342.

38.

Ciulla

Beck

Topping

et al . Blebitis, early endophthalmitis, and late endophthalmitis after glaucoma-filtering surgery. Ophthalmology 1997; 104(6): 986–995.

39.

Song

Scott

Flynn

Jr et al . Delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology 2002; 109(5): 985–991.

40.

Jampel

Quigley

Kerrigan-Baumrind

et al .; Glaucoma Surgical Outcomes Study Group. Risk factors for late-onset infection following glaucoma filtration surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119(7): 1001–1008.

41.

Yassin

SA.

Bleb-related infection revisited: a literature review. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94(2): 122–134.

42.

Ang

Varga

Shaarawy

Postoperative infection in penetrating versus non-penetrating glaucoma surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2010; 94(12): 1571–1576.

43.

Mandalos

Sung

Glaucoma drainage device surgery in children and adults: a comparative study of outcomes and complications. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255: 1003–1011.

44.

Al-Torbak

Al-Shahwan

Al-Jadaan

et al . Endophthalmitis associated with the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89(4): 454–458.

45.

Sidoti

Belmonte

Liebmann

et al . Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C in the treatment of pediatric glaucomas. Ophthalmology 2000; 107(3): 422–429.

46.

Ehrlich

Snir

Lusky

et al . Augmented trabeculectomy in paediatric glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89(2): 165–168.

47.

Wallin Al-ahramy

ÖAM

Lundström

Montan

Endophthalmitis and severe blebitis following trabeculectomy. Epidemiology and risk factors: a single-centre retrospective study. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92(5): 426–431.

48.

Brillat-Zaratzian

Bron

Aptel

et al . FRIENDS Group: clinical and microbiological characteristics of post-filtering surgery endophthalmitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252(1): 101–107.

49.

Mady

Holland

Bhagat

et al . Intraocular pressure outcomes after endophthalmitis associated with glaucoma surgery. J Glaucoma 2015; 24(2): 122–126.

50.

Aaberg

Jr Flynn

Jr Schiffman

et al . Nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis survey. A 10-year review of incidence and outcomes. Ophthalmology 1998; 105(6): 1004–1010.

51.

Eifrig

Flynn

Jr Scott

et al . Acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis: review of incidence and visual outcomes (1995–2001). Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2002; 33(5): 373–378. Erratum in: Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2003; 34(1): 80.

52.

Kattan

Flynn

Jr Pflugfelder

et al . Nosocomial endophthalmitis survey. Current incidence of infection after intraocular surgery. Ophthalmology 1991; 98(2): 227–238.

53.

Kuo

et al . Nosocomial postoperative endophthalmitis: a 14-year review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244(8): 920–929.

54.

Poulsen

Allingham

RR.

Characteristics and risk factors of infections after glaucoma filtering surgery. J Glaucoma 2000; 9(6): 438–443.

55.

Mochizuki

Jikihara

Ando

et al . Incidence of delayed onset infection after trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C or 5-fluorouracil treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81(10): 877–883.

56.

Alwitry

King

AJ.

Surveillance of late-onset bleb leak, blebitis and bleb-related endophthalmitis—a UK incidence study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250(8): 1231–1236.

57.

Freedman

Gupta

Bunke

Endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96(6): 1017–1018.

58.

Katz

Cantor

Spaeth

GL.

Complications of surgery in glaucoma. Early and late bacterial endophthalmitis following glaucoma filtering surgery. Ophthalmology 1985; 92(7): 959–963.

59.

Collignon-Brach

[Surgery for glaucoma and endophthalmitis]. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1996; 260: 73–77.

60.

Wolner

Liebmann

Sassani

et al . Late bleb-related endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy with adjunctive 5-fluorouracil. Ophthalmology 1991; 98(7): 1053–1060.

61.

Uchida

Suzuki

Araie

et al . Long-term follow-up of initial 5-fluorouracil trabeculectomy in primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients. J Glaucoma 2001; 10(6): 458–465.

62.

Greenfield

Suñer

Miller

et al . Endophthalmitis after filtering surgery with mitomycin. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114(8): 943–949.

63.

Higginbotham

Stevens

Musch

et al . Bleb-related endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Ophthalmology 1996; 103(4): 650–656.

64.

DeBry

Perkins

Heatley

et al . Incidence of late-onset bleb-related complications following trabeculectomy with mitomycin. Arch Ophthalmol 2002; 120(3): 297–300.

65.

Sharan

Trope

Chipman

et al . Late-onset bleb infections: prevalence and risk factors. Can J Ophthalmol 2009; 44(3): 279–283.

66.

Yamamoto

Sawada

Mayama

et al .; Collaborative Bleb-Related Infection Incidence and Treatment Study Group. The 5-year incidence of bleb-related infection and its risk factors after filtering surgeries with adjunctive mitomycin C: collaborative bleb-related infection incidence and treatment study 2. Ophthalmology 2014; 121(5): 1001–1006.

67.

Kim

Law

Coleman

et al . Long-term bleb-related infections after trabeculectomy: incidence, risk factors, and influence of bleb revision. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 159(6): 1082–1091.

68.

Zahid

Musch

Niziol

et al .; Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study Group. Risk of endophthalmitis and other long-term complications of trabeculectomy in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS). Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 155(4): 674–680.

69.

Vaziri

Kishor

Schwartz

et al . Incidence of bleb-associated endophthalmitis in the United States. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9: 317–322.

70.

Stein

Ruiz

Jr Belsky

et al . Longitudinal rates of postoperative adverse outcomes after glaucoma surgery among medicare beneficiaries 1994 to 2005. Ophthalmology 2008; 115(7): 1109–1116.

71.

Wentzloff

Grosskreutz

Pasquale

et al . Endophthalmitis after glaucoma drainage implant surgery. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2007; 47(2): 109–115.

72.

Zheng

Moster

Khan

et al . Infectious endophthalmitis after glaucoma drainage implant surgery: clinical features, microbial spectrum, and outcomes. Retina 2017; 37: 1160–1167.

73.

Al Rashaed

Arevalo

Al Sulaiman

et al . Endophthalmitis trends and outcomes following glaucoma surgery at a Tertiary Eye Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Glaucoma 2016; 25(2): e70–e75.

74.

Roy

Mermoud

[Complications of deep nonpenetrating sclerectomy]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2006; 29(10): 1180–1197.

75.

Detry-Morel

Detry

MB.

Five-year experience with non penetrating deep sclerectomy. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 2006; (299): 83–94.

76.

Anand

Arora

Clowes

Mitomycin C augmented glaucoma surgery: evolution of filtering bleb avascularity, transconjunctival oozing, and leaks. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90(2): 175–180.

77.

Anand

Pilling

Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture after deep sclerectomy: outcomes. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88(1): 110–115.

78.

Bissig

Rivier

Zaninetti

et al . Ten years follow-up after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant. J Glaucoma 2008; 17(8): 680–686.

79.

Wishart

Choudhary

et al . Long-term results of viscocanalostomy in pseudoexfoliative and primary open angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 36(2): 148–155.

80.

Moss

Sanislo

CN.

A prospective randomized evaluation of topical gatifloxacin on conjunctival flora in patients undergoing intravitreal injections. Ophthalmology 2009; 116(8): 1498–1501.

81.

Yin

Weisbrod

Eng

et al . Antibiotic resistance of ocular surface flora with repeated use of a topical antibiotic after intravitreal injection. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131(4): 456–461.

82.

Dave

Toma

Kim

SJ.

Changes in ocular flora in eyes exposed to ophthalmic antibiotics. Ophthalmology 2013; 120(5): 937–941.

83.

Zick

Joondeph

Is a postoperative day one examination needed after uncomplicated vitreoretinal surgery?

Retina, 2018 Feb; 38(2): 331–333.

Choosing wisely and the use of antibiotics in ophthalmic surgery: There is more than meets the eye

Abstract

Background:

Methods:

Results:

Discussion and conclusion:

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References