How Enteral Feeding Options Influence Corticosterone Patterns in Rats

Abstract

Even with all the nutritional research conducted to date, it is not clear which enteral nutrition delivery and composition options are most physiologically sound. Glucocorticoid temporal patterns are reported to be shifted or disrupted with restricted feeding schedules, but because of intermittent sampling, temporal patterns have not been completely depicted. The purpose of this study was to characterize corticosterone temporal patterns while systematically varying selected enteral feeding options in a well-established nutritional animal model. A 2• 2 • 2 • 2 randomized block experimental design was used in which enteral feeding schedules, delivery methods, kilocalorie levels (kcal), and fiber contents were systematically varied in rats (n = 80), and plasma corticosterone was measured by125I radioimmunoassay. Blood samples were drawn hourly over 24 h. With cosinor analysis, 24-h and 12-h corticosterone rhythmic components were tested in each feeding group. Five of 16 feeding groups had a significant (p £ 0.05) 24-h rhythmic component, and 3 more showed a trend (p> 0.05< 0.10); 7 of these groups were on 24-h feeding schedules. When rhythmic components were detectable, groups receiving high-fiber formula displayed more uniform rhythm characteristics than did no-fiber groups. Only 1 group had a significant 12-h rhythmic component, and 1 showed a trend. Both were on 12-h, high-fiber restricted kcal feedings. In this small animal sample, no one enteral feeding option guaranteed a 24-h corticosterone pattern. The option coming closest was formula delivered on a 24-h schedule. This temporal pattern is one aspect to consider in enteral nutrition. The underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated.

Keywords

Enteral nutrition glucocorticoids biological rhythms rats

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abrahamsen G , Carr K . 1996. Effects of corticosteroid synthesis inhibitors on the sensitization of reward by food restriction. Brain Res 726:39-48.

Arendt J , Minors D , Waterhouse J , editors. 1989. Biological rhythms in clinical practice. London: Wright.

Armario A , Montero J , Jolin T . 1987. Chronic food restriction and the circadian rhythms of pituitary-adrenal hormones, growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Ann Nutr Metab 31:81-87.

Aschoff J . 1979. Circadian rhythms: General features and endocrinological aspects. In: Krieger D , editor. Endocrine rhythms. New York: Raven. p 1-61.

Beau P , Labat J . 1994. Continuous vs discontinuous enteral nutrition: Compared effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins in humans. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18:331-334.

Bergstrom N , Braden B . 1990. Nutritional status during the development and resolution of pressure sores. In: Funk S , Tournquist E , Champagne M , Copp L , Wiese R , editors. Key aspects of recovery: Improving nutrition, rest, and mobility. New York: Springer. p 183-187.

Brandenberger G , Follenius M , Hietter B . 1982. Feedback from meal-related peaks determines diurnal changes in cortisol responses to exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:592-596.

Bruckner-Kardoss E , Wostmann B . 1974. Blood volume of adult germfree and conventional rats. Lab Anim Sci 24:633-635.

Dallman M , Akana S , Strack A , Hanson E , Sebastian R . 1995. The neural network that regulates energy balance is responsive to glucocorticoids and insulin and also regulates HPA axis responsivity at a site proximal to CRF neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 771:730-742.

10.

Dallman M , Yates F . 1969. Dynamic asymmetries in the corticosteroid feedback path and distribution-metabolism-binding elements of the adrenocortical system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 156:696-721.

11.

DePaolo L , Masoro E . 1989. Endocrine hormones. In: Loeb W , Quimby R , editors. The clinical chemistry of laboratory animals. New York: Pergamon. p 279-308.

12.

Dijkstra I , Binnekade R , Tilders F . 1996. Diurnal variation in resting levels of corticosterone is not mediated by variation in adrenal responsiveness to adrenocorticotropin but involves splanchnic nerve integrity. Endocrinology 137:540-547.

13.

Elmore S , Burr R . 1993. Circadian rhythms and nursing research: Methodological considerations. J Nurs Meas 1:81-100.

14.

Forloines-Lynn S . 1996. How to smooth the way for cyclic tube feedings. Nurs96 26(3):57-60.

15.

Hadley M . 1996. Endocrinology. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

16.

Hanson E , Levin N , Dallman M . 1997. Elevated corticosterone is not required for the rapid induction of neuropeptide Y gene expression by an overnight fast. Endocrinology 138:1041-1047.

17.

Hastings M . 1991. Neuroendocrine rhythms. Pharmacol Ther 50:35-71.

18.

Heyland D , Cook D , Winder B , Brylowski L , deMark H , Guyatt G . 1995. Enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: Aprospective study. Crit Care Med 23:1055-1060.

19.

Hinson J , Purbrick A , Cameron L , Kapas S . 1994. The role of neuropeptides in the regulation of adrenal zona fasciculata/ reticularis function. Neuropeptides 26:391-397.

20.

Homann H , Kemen M , Fuessenich C , Senkal M , Zumtobel V . 1994. Reduction in diarrhea incidence by soluble fiber in patients receiving total or supplemental enteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18:486-490.

21.

Honma K , Honma S , Hiroshige T . 1984. Feeding-associated corticosterone peak in rats under various feeding cycles. Am J Physiol 246:R721-R726.

22.

Honma S , Katsuno Y , Abe H , Honma K . 1996. Aging affects development and persistence of feeding-associated circadian rhythm in rat plasma corticosterone. Am J Physiol 271:R1514-R1520.

23.

Howard L , Ament M , Fleming CR , Shike M , Steiger E . 1995. Current use and clinical outcome of home parenteral and enteral nutrition therapies in the United States. Gastroenterology 109:355-365.

24.

Klein S , Kinney J , Jeejeebhoy K , Alpers D , Hellerstein M , Murray M , Twomey P . 1997. Nutrition support in clinical practice: Review of published data and recommendations for future research directions. Am J Clin Nutr 66:683-706.

25.

Koruda M , Guenter P , Rombeau J . 1987. Enteral nutrition in the critically ill. Crit Care Clin 3:133-153.

26.

Kreiger D . 1974. Food and water restriction shifts corticosterone, temperature, activity and brain amine periodicity. Endocrinology 95:1195-1201.

27.

Lanuza D . 1995. Postoperative circadian rhythms and cortisol stress response to two types of cardiac surgery. Am J Crit Care 4:212-220.

28.

Leakey J , Chen S , Manjgaladze M , Turturro A , Duffy P , Pipkin J , Hart R . 1994. Role of glucocorticoids and caloric stress in modulating the effects of caloric restriction in rodents. Ann NY Acad Sci 719:171-194.

29.

Leal A , Forsling M , Moreita A . 1995. Diurnal variation of the pituitary-adrenal and AVP responses to stress in rats under food restriction. Life Sci 56:191-198.

30.

Lentz M . 1990. Time-series analysis—Cosinor analysis: Aspecial case. West J Nurs Res 12:408-412.

31.

Lin H , Zhao X , Chu A , Lin Y , Wang L . 1997. Fiber-supplemented enteral formula slows intestinal transit by intensifying inhibitory feedback from the distal gut. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1840-1844.

32.

Lin H , Zhao X , Wang L . 1997. Intestinal transit is more potently inhibited by fat in the distal (ileal brake) than in the proximaljejunal brake) gut. Dig Dis Sci 42:19-25.

33.

Lin H , Zhao X-T , Wang L , Wong H . 1996. Fat-induced ileal brake in the dog depends on peptide YY. Gastroenterology 110:1491-1495.

34.

Lord L , Lipp J , Stell S . 1996. Adult tube feeding formulas. Med Surg Nurs: CE Series 5:407-420, 432-432.

35.

Loriaux DL , Cutler Jr G . 1986. Diseases of the adrenal glands. In: Kohler P , editor. Clinical endocrinology. New York: John Wiley. p 167-238.

36.

Malendowicz K , Andreis P , Nussdorfer G , Markowska A . 1996. The possible role of endogenous substance P in the modulation of the response of rat pituitary-adrenal axis to stresses. Endocr Res 22:311-318.

37.

Marvin J . 1988. Nutritional support of the critically injured patient. Crit Care Nurs 11:21-34.

38.

Minors D , Waterhouse J . 1989. Analysis of biological time series. In: Arendt J , Minors D , Waterhouse J , editors. Biological rhythms in clinical practice. London: Wright. p 272-293.

39.

Monk T . 1987. Parameters of the circadian temperature rhythm using sparse and irregular sampling. Psychophysiology 24:235-242.

40.

Moore-Ede M . 1993. The twenty-four hour society. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

41.

Moore-Ede M , Sulzman F , Fuller C . 1982. The clocks that time us: Physiology of the circadian timing system. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

42.

Nelson W , Scheving L , Halberg F . 1975. Circadian rhythms in mice fed a single daily meal at different stages of lighting regimen. J Nutr 105:171-184.

43.

Office of Technical Assessment , Congress of the United States . 1991. Biological rhythms: Implications for the worker (OTA-BA-463). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

44.

Oliveira M , Antunes-Rodrigues J , Leal A , Elias L , Moreira A . 1993. Circadian variations of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and corticosterone in rats with continuous or restricted access to food. Life Sci 53:1795-1801.

45.

Reynolds R , Keith L , Harris D , Calvano S . 1980. Rapid pulsatile corticosterone response in unanesthetized individual rats. Steroids 35:305-314.

46.

Rombeau J , Rolandelli R . 1997. Enteral and tube feeding. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.

47.

Ross Laboratories . 1992. The Ross medical nutritional system. Columbus, OH: Author.

48.

Sabatino F , Masoro E , McMahan A , Kuhn R . 1991. Assessment of the role of the glucocorticoid system in aging processes and in the action of food restriction. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 46:B171-B179.

49.

Sander L . 1992. Circadian influences on feeding-induced changes in ACTH and corticosterone secretion in rats. Regul Pept 41:109-117.

50.

Sander L , Thomas R . 1988. Feeding-induced, dexamethasone suppressible increases in plasma ACTH and cortisol in conscious dogs. FASEB J 2:530-530.

51.

Stotts N . 1990. Nutrition: Current bases for practice. In: Funk S , Tornquist E , Champagne M , Copp L , Wiese R , editors. Key aspects of recovery: Improving nutrition, rest, and mobility. New York: Springer. p 32-46.

52.

Van Cauter E . 1990. Diurnal and ultradian rhythms in human endocrine function: A minireview. Horm Res 34:45-53.

53.

Van Cauter E . 1989. Endocrine rhythms. In: Arendt J , Minors D , Waterhouse J , editors. Biological rhythms in clinical practice. London: Wright. p 23-50.

54.

Walker R , Read G , Wilson D , Riad-Fahmy D , Griffiths K . 1990. Chronobiology in laboratory medicine: Principles and clinical applications illustrated from measurements of neutral steroids in saliva. In: Hayes D , Pauly J , Reiter R , editors. Chronobiology: Its role in clinical medicine, general biology, and agriculture, Part A. New York: Wiley-Liss. p 105-117.

55.

Westfall U . 1993. Animals, care, and nursing research. West J Nurs Res 15:568-581.

56.

Westfall U , Heitkemper M . 1992. Systemic responses to different enteral feeding schedules in rats. Nurs Res 41:144-150.

57.

Wilkinson C , Shinsako J , Dallman M . 1979. Daily rhythms in adrenal responsiveness to adrenocorticotropin are determined primarily by the time of feeding in the rat. Endocrinology 104:350-359.

58.

Windle R , Wood S , Shanks N , Lightman S , Ingram C . 1998. Ultradian rhythm of basal corticosterone release in the female rat: Dynamic interaction with the response to acute stress. Endocrinology 139:443-450.