The main objective of the present study is to examine the level of enhancement in performance of three-dimensional fiber metal laminates (3DFML) under low velocity impact, when reinforced by different types of reinforcing face-sheets (i.e. fiberglass or carbon). Three layup configurations of the fabrics are considered in this investigation. The impact response of each of these configurations is assessed numerically using ABAQUS/Explicit, a commercially available finite element software. Specifically, each configuration’s impact capacity, deformation, contact time, and energy absorption capacity are evaluated. The numerical results are validated by comparison against experimental results. Moreover, a semi-empirical equation is developed for evaluating the impact capacity of such panels, as a function of impact energy, capable of accounting the influence of any type of reinforcement. Finally, the most efficient reinforced three-dimensional fiber metal laminates are identified based on their impact strength with respect to their overall weight and cost.
AsaeeZShadlouSTaheriF. Low-velocity impact response of fiberglass/magnesium FMLs with a new 3D fiberglass fabric. Compos Struct2015; 122: 155–165.
6.
Asaee Z and Taheri F. Characterization of the mechanical and impact response of a new-generation 3D fiberglass fabric. In: American society of composites – 30th technical conference, Lansing, MI, September 2015.
7.
AbrateS. Impact engineering of composite structures, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
8.
MoriniereFAlderliestenRSadighiM, et al.An integrated study on the low-velocity impact response of the GLARE fibre-metal laminate. Compos Struct2013; 100: 89–103.
9.
FanJCantwellWGuanZ. The low-velocity impact response of fiber-metal laminates. J Reinf Plast Compos2011; 30: 26–35.
10.
HosurMVChowdhuryFJeelaniS. Low-velocity impact response and ultrasonic NDE of woven carbon/epoxy—Nanoclay nanocomposites. J Compos Mater2007; 41: 2195–2212.
11.
PayeganehGGhasemiFAMalekzadehK. Dynamic response of fiber–metal laminates (FMLs) subjected to low-velocity impact. Thin Walled Struct2010; 48: 62–70.
12.
SadighiMPärnänenTAlderliestenRC, et al.Experimental and numerical investigation of metal type and thickness effects on the impact resistance of fiber metal laminates. Appl Compos Mater2012; 19: 545–559.
13.
Seyed YaghoubiALiawB. Thickness influence on ballistic impact behaviors of GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminated beams: experimental and numerical studies. Compos Struct2012; 94: 2585–2598.
14.
Seyed YaghoubiALiuYLiawB. Low-velocity impact on GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminates: influences of specimen thickness and impactor mass. J Aerosp Eng2011; 25: 409–420.
15.
StarikovR. Assessment of impact response of fiber metal laminates. Int J Impact Eng2013; 59: 38–45.
16.
TooskiMYAlderliestenRGhajarR, et al.Experimental investigation on distance effects in repeated low velocity impact on fiber–metal laminates. Compos Struct2013; 99: 31–40.
17.
VlotA. Impact loading on fibre metal laminates. Int J Impact Eng1996; 18: 291–307.
18.
YaghoubiASLiuYLiawB. Stacking sequence and geometrical effects on low-velocity impact behaviors of GLARE 5 (3/2) fiber–metal laminates. J Thermoplast Compos Mater2012; 25: 223–247.
19.
ZhuSChaiGB. Low-velocity impact response of fibre–metal laminates – experimental and finite element analysis. Compos Sci Technol2012; 72: 1793–1802.
20.
CaprinoGSpataroGDel LuongoS. Low-velocity impact behaviour of fibreglass–aluminium laminates. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2004; 35: 605–616.
21.
DaviesGHitchingsDZhouG. Impact damage and residual strengths of woven fabric glass/polyester laminates. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf1996; 27: 1147–1156.
22.
ZhuSChaiGB. Impact of aluminum, CFRP laminates, fibre-metal laminates and sandwich panels. Composite materials and joining technologies for composites2013; Volume 7, United States: Springer, pp. 199–205.
23.
Yarmohammad TooskiMAlderliestenRCGhajarR, et al.Experimental investigation on distance effects in repeated low velocity impact on fiber–metal laminates. Compos Struct2013; 99: 31–40.
24.
Taheri-BehroozFShokriehMYahyapourI. Effect of stacking sequence on failure mode of fiber metal laminates under low-velocity impact. Iran Polymer J2014; 23: 147–152.
25.
RathnasabapathyMMouritzAOrificiA. Experimental and numerical investigation of low velocity impacts of fibre-metal laminates. In: AIAC15: 15th Australian international aerospace congress, Melbourne, Australia: Australian International Aerospace Congress, 2013, pp. 1–10.
26.
BieniasJJakubczakPDadejK. Low-velocity impact resistance of aluminium glass laminates–Experimental and numerical investigation. Compos Struct2016; 152: 339–348.
De CiccoDAsaeeZTaheriF. Low-velocity impact damage response of fiberglass/magnesium fiber-metal laminates under different size and shape impactors. Mech Adv Mater Struct2017; 24: 545–555.
29.
SubbaramaiahRPrustyBPearceG, et al.Crashworthy response of fibre metal laminate top hat structures. Compos Struct2017; 160: 773–781.
30.
KusADurgunIErtanR. Experimental study on the flexural properties of 3D integrated woven spacer composites at room and subzero temperatures. J Sandw Struct Mater2016.
31.
ZhouGLiuCLiW, et al.Shear behavior of 3D woven hollow integrated sandwich composites: experimental, theoretical and numerical study. Appl Compos Mater2016; 24: 1–15.
32.
VaidyaAVaidyaUUddinN. Impact response of three-dimensional multifunctional sandwich composite. Mater Sci Eng A2008; 472: 52–58.
33.
HosurMAbdullahMJeelaniS. Manufacturing and low-velocity impact characterization of hollow integrated core sandwich composites with hybrid face sheets. Compos Struct2004; 65: 103–115.
34.
VaidyaUHosurMEarlD, et al.Impact response of integrated hollow core sandwich composite panels. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2000; 31: 761–772.
35.
HosseiniSASadighiMMoghadamRM. Low-velocity impact behavior of hollow core woven sandwich composite: Experimental and numerical study. J Compos Mater2014.
36.
KarahanMGülHIvensJ, et al.Low velocity impact characteristic of 3D integrated core sandwich composites. Textile Res J2012; 82: 945–962.
37.
Asaee Z and Taheri F. Experimental studies on the impact response of 3 d fiberglass fabric subject to different size impactors. In: Proceedings of the American society for composites: thirty-first technical conference, Williamsburg, VA, 2016.
38.
FanHChenHZhaoL, et al.Flexural failure mechanisms of three-dimensional woven textile sandwich panels: experiments. J Compos Mater2014; 48: 609–620.
39.
AsaeeZMohamedMSoumikS, et al.Experimental and numerical characterization of delamination buckling behavior of a new class of GNP-reinforced 3D fiber-metal laminates. Thin Walled Struct2017; 112: 208–216.
40.
AsaeeZTaheriF. Experimental and numerical investigation into the influence of stacking sequence on the low-velocity impact response of new 3D FMLs. Compos Struct2016; 140: 136–146.
41.
AsaeeZMohamedMDe CiccoD, et al.Low-velocity impact response and damage mechanism of 3D fiber-metal laminates reinforced with amino-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets. Int J Compos Mater2017; 7: 20–36.
42.
NagarajM. Experimental and computational investigation of FRP reinforced glulam columns including associated software development, MASc. thesis, NS, Canada: Dalhousie University, 2005.
43.
WhislerDKimH. Experimental and simulated high strain dynamic loading of polyurethane foam. Polymer Test2015; 41: 219–230.
