Abstract
Objectives
The aim of the study was to describe the clinical features, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment and outcome in cats diagnosed with presumptive acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion.
Methods
Medical records and imaging studies of cats diagnosed with presumptive acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion were retrospectively reviewed. Information on long-term outcome was acquired from patient records and from either owners or referring veterinary surgeons via a telephone questionnaire.
Results
Eleven cats met the inclusion criteria. All cats had a peracute onset of clinical signs, with eight cats experiencing witnessed (n = 6) or suspected (n = 2) external trauma based on imaging findings. Neuroanatomical localisation included C1–C5 (n = 1), T3–L3 (n = 7) and L4–S3 (n = 3) spinal cord segments. MRI revealed acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusions located at C3–C4 (n = 1), T12–T13 (n = 1), T13–L1 (n = 1), L1–L2 (n = 1), L3–L4 (n = 3), L4–L5 (n = 1) and L5–L6 intervertebral disc spaces (n = 3). Treatment included supportive care and 10 cats were discharged with a median hospitalisation time of 10 days (range 3–26 days). One cat was euthanased during hospitalisation owing to complications unrelated to neurological disease. All cats that presented as non-ambulatory regained an ambulatory status with the median time to ambulation of 17 days (range 6–21 days). Overall, the outcome for cats diagnosed with acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion was successful, with almost 90% returning to ambulation with urinary and faecal continence.
Conclusions and relevance
The majority of cats diagnosed with acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion had good outcomes. Acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with peracute onset of spinal cord dysfunction, particularly if there is a clinical history or evidence of trauma.
Introduction
Acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE), previously referred to as a traumatic intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE), high-velocity/low-volume IVDE and type III IVDE, occurs when a healthy and hydrated intervertebral disc is exposed to sudden and excessive force and is typically seen following vigorous exercise or trauma.1–4 This type of IVDE results in spinal cord contusion with minimal or no spinal cord compression.1–3
ANNPE has been frequently reported in dogs;1–3 however, there are only single case reports describing ANNPE in cats.4,5 Dogs with presumptive ANNPE typically present with a peracute onset of spinal cord dysfunction that is non-progressive after 24 h.1,2 Clinical signs are often strongly lateralised, and mild-to-moderate spinal hyperaesthesia may be seen in approximately half of affected cases.2,6
Definitive diagnosis of ANNPE can only be confirmed by histopathology. 1 However, MRI can be used to make a presumptive diagnosis with specific characteristics identified to reach a presumptive ante-mortem diagnosis of ANNPE.2,3
Typical treatment involves physiotherapy and supportive care with the use of analgesics as required. 6 The outcome is considered good in dogs, with only a minority failing to regain normal neurological function. 2
Despite this disorder being well characterised in dogs, little is known about the clinical presentation, imaging findings and outcome in cats. Therefore, the aims of this study were to describe the clinical features, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment and outcome in a larger number of cats diagnosed with presumptive ANNPE. We hypothesised that cats diagnosed with presumptive ANNPE would have a characteristic presentation as in dogs, and a good long-term outcome.
Material and methods
Ethics
Ethics approval was granted by the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) Ethics and Welfare Committee (reference number 2015 1324).
Criteria for inclusion
Medical records of cats that had presumptively been diagnosed with ANNPE at the RVC between 2008 and 2014 were reviewed. In order to be included, cats needed to have had an MRI of the affected spinal cord segments within 48 h of the onset of clinical signs, MRI findings consistent with the diagnosis of presumptive ANNPE and have follow-up information for a minimum of 3 months. Recorded information included immediate history preceding onset of clinical signs, treatment prior to referral, signalment, general physical examination findings, neurological examination findings, duration of time from detecting neurological signs to MRI, treatment administered following diagnosis, duration of hospitalisation and presence of complications. In relevant cases the time to recover nociception, voluntary motor activity and unassisted ambulation was also recorded.
Diagnostic imaging
MRI was performed using a 1.5 Tesla scanner (Intera; Philips Medical Systems) and included a minimum of T2- and T1-weighted sagittal and transverse images. All imaging studies were reviewed for diagnostic accuracy by a board certified neurologist (SDD) blinded to the clinical signs and neuroanatomical localisation, and only those cases with imaging features consistent with presumptive ANNPE diagnosis were included in the study. MRI findings compatible with ANNPE included: (1) a reduction in volume of the T2-weighted hyperintensity of the nucleus pulposus signal, (2) a focal T2-weighted hyperintensity within the spinal cord overlying an intervertebral disc space, (3) mild narrowing of the intervertebral disc space, and (4) extraneous material or signal change within the vertebral canal with absent or minimal spinal cord compression (Figure 1a,b).2,3,5
(a) Sagittal T2-weighted and (b) transverse T2-weighted images at the level of the L5–L6 intervertebral disc space, and (c) L4 vertebral body of an Egyptian Mau aged 2 years and 9 months (cat 2). (a) A focal intraparenchymal hyperintensity is present at the level of the L5–L6 intervertebral disc space (long arrow). Although the nucleus pulposus has a reduced volume compared with the adjacent discs, it has remained a homogeneous hyperintense signal. (b) A small amount of extraneous material present in the epidural space (arrow). (a,c) A poorly demarcated hyperintensity within the epaxial musculature at the level of the L4 vertebral body, suggestive of epaxial muscle contusion, oedema or haemorrhage, was considered indicative for external trauma (short arrow [a] and arrow [c])
Assessment of outcome
Short-term outcome was defined as the period between the onset of clinical signs up to 6 weeks following presumptive diagnosis of ANNPE, and information was retrieved from medical records. Long-term outcome was defined as a minimum follow-up period of 3 months. 7 This information was initially obtained via telephone interview with the referring veterinary surgeons. For cats that were deceased, date and cause of death, as well as the last documented neurological status, were recorded. Conforming to local ethics and welfare committee guidelines, only owners of cats that were still alive at the time of data collection were subsequently contacted. Owners were mailed a letter with study details and a standardised questionnaire that had been reviewed and approved by a local ethics and welfare committee. Telephone interviews were conducted using the questionnaire, which included questions covering specific aspects of the disease, such as amount of activity, lameness, paresis and incontinence, type of medical and supportive treatment received, response to treatment and quality of life (supplementary material). A successful outcome was defined as resolution or improvement of clinical signs with the cat being able to ambulate independently with control of urination and defaecation, while an unsuccessful outcome was defined as a cat that required support to ambulate or had persistent urinary or faecal incontinence.
Results
Of 14 potential cats identified, 11 were included in the study (Table 1). The cats had a median age of 7 years (range 2 years 9 months to 13 years) at presentation. Eight of the cats were male neutered and three were female neutered. Breeds comprised domestic shorthair (n = 6), domestic longhair (n = 3), Egyptian Mau (n = 1) and British Shorthair (n = 1).
Signalment, clinical presentation and outcome of 11 cats diagnosed with presumptive acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE)
y = years; mo = months; MN = male neutered; FN = female neutered; DSH = domestic shorthair; DLH = domestic longhair; BSH = British Shorthair; NA = not available; LTF = lost to follow-up
Historical findings
All cats had an acute or peracute onset of clinical signs. The median time to presentation was 14 h (range 2–48 h) following the onset of neurological signs. Prior to presentation six of the cats had been involved in a witnessed traumatic event (road traffic accident [n = 3] or fall from a height [n = 3]). The remaining five cats were found either in the home or nearby the house and the onset of clinical signs was not witnessed.
Clinical findings
The majority of cats (n = 10) had clinical signs referable to the paraparesis or paraplegia (Table 1). Neuroanatomical localisation included the C1–C5 (n = 1), T3–L3 (n = 7) and L4–S3 (n = 3) spinal cord segments. The clinical signs were non-progressive in all cats following presentation. Five of the cats had signs consistent with external trauma, including head trauma, pulmonary contusions and scuffed nails.
MRI findings
MRI revealed ANNPE located at C3–C4 (n = 1), T12–T13 (n = 1), T13–L1 (n = 1), L1–L2 (n = 1), L3–L4 (n = 3), L4–L5 (n = 1) and L5–L6 intervertebral disc spaces (n = 3). One cat had a dorsal spinous process fracture of the L7 vertebra, which was not associated with the neuroanatomical localisation nor the anatomical localisation of the ANNPE and was therefore considered incidental. There was evidence of ill-defined T2-weighted hyperintensity within the epaxial musculature compared with surrounding muscle suggestive of contusion, haemorrhage or oedema in five cats (Figure 1c). Of these five cats, two cats had no history or examination findings consistent with trauma, while the other three cats were involved in a witnessed trauma.
Treatment and short-term outcome
All cats received physiotherapy performed by a veterinary physiotherapist and/or qualified veterinary nurse consisting of massage, passive range of motion exercises, assisted standing and exercises to develop strength and coordination, as appropriate and tolerated by each cat. Five cats that demonstrated signs of spinal hyperaesthesia received analgesic medication that included opioids (ie, methadone and buprenorphine; n = 3), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (n = 1) and gabapentin (n = 1).
The median time for cats with absent deep nociception (n = 3) to regain sensation was 2 days (range 1–3 days). Of the cats that presented with paraplegia, including those with absent deep nociception (n = 5) the median time for them to regain voluntary movement (non-ambulatory) was 4 days (range 2–7 days). For those cats that presented non-ambulatory (including paraplegic cats; n = 9) the median time to ambulation was 17 days (range 6–21 days).
Five cats required bladder management during hospitalisation, including indwelling catheter placement (n = 1), intermittent catheterisation (n = 1) and manual bladder expression (n = 3). Two cats received a sympatholytic medication (prazosin) to aid in bladder management. Three cats were discharged with improved motor function but continued to require manual bladder expression.
The cats had a median hospitalisation time of 10 days (range 3–26 days). Four of the 10 cats that survived to discharge were ambulatory at that time. One cat did not survive until discharge, and was euthanased owing to respiratory deterioration as a result of pulmonary contusions.
Short-term outcome (4–6 weeks following diagnosis of presumptive ANNPE) in six cats revealed all cats were ambulatory and had improved neurological function compared with the time of discharge; however, none of the cats were considered to be neurologically normal.
Long-term outcome
Long-term outcome in eight cats (four cats were also included in the assessment of short-term outcome) was obtained from the referring veterinary surgeons (n = 2) or veterinary surgeons and owners (n = 6). The median duration of time between the onset of clinical signs and assessment of outcome was 44 months (range 4–68 months). None of the cats displayed signs of further improvement 6 months after reaching a presumptive diagnosis of ANNPE. Although all cats were ambulatory and did not demonstrate any signs of spinal hyperaesthesia, none were reported to have become neurologically normal. Owners or veterinary surgeons assessed all cats to have regained a good quality of life; however, quality of life was considered decreased compared with before the onset of clinical signs in all of the cats with 3/8 cats now indoor-only cats.
One cat (cat 2) had ongoing urinary incontinence requiring twice daily manual bladder expression, and the same cat had intermittent faecal incontinence (Table 1).
Overall, 7/8 cats (88%) were considered to have a successful long-term outcome, and one cat was considered to have an unsuccessful outcome.
Discussion
The differential diagnoses for cats presenting with an acute or peracute onset of paresis or plegia includes aortic thromboembolism, ischaemic myelopathy, fibrocartilaginous embolism, IVDE, and vertebral fractures and luxations.8,9 It has previously been reported that trauma accounts for 14% of cases of feline spinal cord injury, 10 and the occurrence of a vertebral fracture or luxation is generally considered the most important differential diagnosis for cats presenting with a peracute onset of spinal cord dysfunction after a witnessed or suspected traumatic event. Of the cats included in this study nearly three-quarters had experienced a witnessed traumatic event or there was evidence of trauma based on their clinical examination or imaging findings. This highlights the need to include ANNPE as a possible differential diagnosis for any cat presenting with an acute or peracute onset of spinal cord dysfunction, particularly if there is any history or evidence of trauma.
When considering the location of the ANNPE the most frequent sites were the L3–L4 and L5–6 intervertebral discs. There was also one patient with a cervical ANNPE. This is consistent with the previous case reports that describe a lumbar and cervical ANNPE.4,5 While this contrasts to the findings in dogs, which predominantly have T12–T13 and T13/L1 ANNPE, 2 it is more consistent with data looking at the location of IVDE, with previous studies suggesting that the mid-to-caudal lumbar region is more commonly affected in cats.11–13
When considering the outcome for patients diagnosed with ANNPE it is overall very good, with almost 90% of the cats being ambulatory with full urinary and faecal continence. None of the cats were described as returning to ‘normal’ following the onset of clinical signs, and this is consistent with one of the previous case reports that suggested there was ataxia present 6 months following diagnosis. 4 However, 50% of cats had returned to former behaviours, including outside activity and climbing on to furniture. It is currently unclear for those cats that were no longer allowed outside, if this reflected a concern on part of the owners or an actual inability to perform activities as before the onset of clinical signs. From the results of this study, it is difficult to draw any conclusions on potential prognostic indicators for cats with a presumptive ANNPE.
The incidence of ANNPE in cats is not known, although it appears to be infrequent; however, it is possible that this reflects a decreased awareness of the condition and therefore an under-diagnosis. The cost of treatment compared with cats diagnosed with vertebral fracture/luxation or IVDE is much less owing to the fact that there is no need for surgery. This, combined with the evidence presented in this study that suggests cats with ANNPE appear to have a favourable prognosis, highlights the need for ANNPE to be considered as an important differential diagnosis in cats with a peracute onset of spinal cord dysfunction.
Conclusions
This study is obviously limited by its retrospective nature and the small number of included cases. However, the majority of cats diagnosed with presumptive ANNPE presented with paraparesis or paraplegia and had neuroanatomical localisation of T3–L3 and L4–S3 spinal cord segments. Nearly 75% of the cats were involved in a witnessed trauma or had evidence of trauma based on clinical examination or imaging findings. The majority of cats diagnosed with ANNPE had good outcomes. ANNPE should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with peracute onset of spinal cord dysfunction, particularly if there is a clinical history or evidence of trauma.
Footnotes
Supplementary material
The questionnaire used for conducting telephone interviews.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.